Communications, Marketing & Public Relations

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Week 6: communications, Marketing & Public Relations 

Week 6: Health Literacy and Marketing

1. To realize a person-centered health care system, the ACA and the HITECH Act, two federal laws, promote new health care service delivery models and health information technologies that emphasize teams and people’s engagement in information seeking, decision making, and self-management. These changes reflect the growing priority of health literacy.

—Koh, Baur, Brach, Harris, & Rowden (2013, p. 1).

As a health care administrator, you might be responsible for ensuring that communications from your agency and materials developed by your agency adhere to best practices on health literacy. Understanding the health literacy needs of your target audience or community will influence the approaches you might take to ensure that information is clearly articulated and effectively understood. While health literacy may present a definite challenge for health care administrators to address, understanding how to promote effective health literacy is essential to an agency’s visibility and commitment toward fulfilling the health service needs of their target population.

This week, you examine health care administrator consequences for health literacy in communications. You explore the importance of health literacy in influencing services for health care delivery and consider the health literacy of target audiences. You also examine strategies health care administrators might implement to tailor health communications based on differing levels of health literacy for target audiences.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

· Analyze consequences for health care administrators in relation to health literacy in communications

· Analyze health literacy in influencing services and programs for health care delivery

· Analyze implementation of health care administrator solutions

· Analyze health literacy of target audience

· Evaluate strategies to tailor messages for target audience 

Learning Resources

Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Required Readings

· Parker, J. C., & Thorson, E. (Eds.). (2009). Health communication in the new media landscape. New York, NY: Springer.

Chapter 1, “The challenge of Health care and Disability” (pp.3-19)

Chapter 11, “Health Literacy in the Digital World” (pp. 303–320)

· Heinrich, C. (2012). Health literacy: The sixth vital sign. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 24(4), 218–223. Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.

· Jibaja-Weiss, M. L., Volk, R. J., Granchi, T. S., Neff, N. E., Robinson, E. K., Spann, S. J., … Beck, J. R. (2011). Entertainment education for breast cancer surgery decisions: A randomized trail among patients with low health literacy. Patient Education and Counseling, 84(1), 41–48. Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.

· Zoellner, J., You, W., Connell, C., Smith-Ray, R. L., Allen, K., Tucker, K. L., … Estabrooks, P. (2011). Health literacy is associated with healthy eating index scores and sugar-sweetened beverage intake: Findings from the rural lower Mississippi delta. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 111(7), 1012–1020. Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.

Required Media

Laureate Education (Producer). (2011). Health literacy [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is minutes.

This is the download transcript: 

Health Literacy

Program Transcript 

Chanel F. Agnes: Health literacy is the ability of a person to be able to obtain, process, as well as understand, health information to take care of their health. Health literacy are a little bit different terms. So in 2003, the National Center for Education Statistic did a survey of the literacy of all Americans, and one part of that survey was looking at just the literacy of Americans. And the definition of literacy is the ability to read, write and understand English, as to be able to do basic computational skills to carry out a job. 

Now the difference with the health literacy is that health literacy is a different set of skills, a different set of knowledge that most people aren’t born into learning or they’re not taught in school. So it’s a whole different set of skills, a whole set of information. So for example, someone who has just developed diabetes, and you’re trying to explain to them the mechanism of how this disease state occurs, and you talk to them about the pancreas and beta cells that secrete insulin, this is not common knowledge that someone who’s just functioning in society would already know. 

There are a number of different examples of revealing low literacy in patients. For example, if a patient goes into to see their primary care provider, and the primary care provider recommends getting a Colonoscopy, One barrier to the patient actually taking that recommendation and getting it done is their normal activities of going to work and interacting in society, so that’s new information.

So first of all, it’s important for the provider to clearly communicate what that test is, how that test is done, where that test is done, where that test is performed, as well as the risks and benefits of doing the procedure, for the patient to feel comfortable enough to make that decision to say yes, or even decide that they will not get the test done. Then there are a number of steps that the patient has to go through to successfully get the test done. So the next step would be that the provider would say “You need to pick up GoYTellY” – and that’s one of the names for the solution, and basically it’s used to kind of clean out the colon before the test is done. And then, eight hours before the procedure, you should have nothing to eat or drink by mouth. And then maybe they’ll give them some instruction about not taking certain medications before the procedure. So the provider has given them at least three or four steps, three or four things to do, in relation to getting this test done. 

So maybe the patient feels confident about going to the pharmacy to fill the prescription. So they pick up the prescription, and here’s another point where communication is very important. Is the pharmacist communicating clearly and completely how the solution should be taken? Can it be taken with regular food? Should it be taken without foods, with or without foods, with or without medications? It’s important to communicate that to avoid any negative adverse effects. 

So although promoting something as simple as a Colonoscopy, it seems simple on the surface, there a number of different steps that the patient has to follow, a number of different areas of knowledge and skills that it draws on, and it’s important that we don’t assume that everyone is easily able to do this. Also, repetition is very good, and asking the patient if they understand the information that was provided, because it can get pretty complicated. 

So there’s a method that’s called the teach-back-method, what it does is it just helps to assess the level of comprehension. So maybe the provider might ask “Now, I have given you a lot of information about what you need to do to get this colonoscopy done. Now, tell me, in your own words, if I was your wife at home, how you would communicate this to your wife about the procedure that needs to be done, and then listen to how the patient is communicating that information, and then twerking it where they may have gotten the information a little wrong. So that’s an excellent way to assess level of comprehension. 

Culture is a very important part of health literacy. And actually, it’s something that helps to- I guess it helps to shape our level of literacy. So for example, if we look at a person who recently emigrated from another country. They’ve grown up in a culture where the health practices maybe very different than the way that we practice here in the United States. For example, they may have very strong spiritual beliefs, and they may believe that actually poor health comes from a poor spiritual state, or that poor health may come from something negative that they did in their lives. So if a health care provider or health system does not appreciate those difference in cultures, there is where you really begin to see some disparities in how health care is received. 

So the public health leaders have an awesome opportunities to close that divide where patients who have low health literacy will be able to more easily navigate the health care systems through different initiatives that they may develop. It’s important to note that health literacy is not just a patient problem, but it’s actually a health system problem. So while a patient’s level of health literacy may be impacted by their cultural beliefs, these have been associated with low health literacy, but also on the health care side, how easy is it to navigate the health care system? How well are the providers communicating with the patients? And also, are we providing in education in terms of self –management when patients have chronic disease state? 

So if a public leader would like to develop an initiative or campaign, it’s important to consider the diversity of Americans. As time goes on, and we get older, the population will become more diverse. And actually, one of the minorities, the Hispanic population, will actually become the majority in this country. So it’s very important that public health leaders appreciate that change in diversity in the country, as the years go on. Everyone does not receive information in the same way. So some people may be acculturated to receive information verbally. Some may be able to understand information a little easier looking at diagrams, et cetera. But it’s important to be able to understand what is the easiest way for patients to receive information, also understanding culturally, what are their health beliefs, because really what you want to do is you want to work within that health belief to bring in that scientific base, that evidence-based medicine, to work together to have a plan that works well for the patient, not only using the best evidence-based medicine, but also acknowledging their different cultural beliefs. So for example, if someone comes from a culture that use alternative medicine, such as for example acupuncture, asking the patient, “what are the usual ways that you receive help, or what are the usual ways that you go about the healing process,” and using that, again, as a part of your plan, your strategy, your recommendation, and negotiating with the patient to see what would be the best strategy that they’re most comfortable with, and also you’re providing the best care. 

There are a number of ways to assess for health literacy. For the informal assessment of health literacy, one of the ways is that, and you can do this whether you’re in a very busy setting, for example, a community pharmacy versus in a primary care provider office, where you may have a little bit more time to interact with the patient, but just asking some simple questions, “Are you having trouble with understanding the medication labels? Or you may ask the patient, “Do you know the list of medications that you’re taking?” And this is usually very telling someone who has health literacy because many times the response are, “I take exactly what the doctor told me to take. Don’t you have it in your computer?” So this is a common response that we get. And sometimes they maybe a little frustrated, because we ask it very often, because we want to make sure that we’re giving the medication accurately. But many times it is, indicative that they have low health literacy, and they’re really not sure of what medications they’re taking. 

Another telling question is if you ask the patient, “What are you taking the medication for? And the patient says, “I don’t know”. Again, they may give you a similar answer, “I will take whatever the doctor gives me, “again, that’s another sign of low health literacy. In a primary care doctor’s office, an example of an informal assessment technique might be the need to just give them a form to fill out. And they may have a lot of blank spaces, and that may clearly demonstrate that they don’t understand some of the questions that have been listed there. Other ways to assess is just looking for red flags. So this may not even require you to ask information. So you may notice that a patient is very often missing appointments, and this could be that they don’t understand how to reschedule appointments. So maybe after a visit, you may say, “talk to the receptionist and reschedule your appointment for three months with a primary care doctor, and then four months later, I like to you to meet with a nutritionist, and then two months after that, you should make an appointment with your cardiologist”. So although to us, if we are often working in the health care system, it’s very simple, to a patient it gets a little bit complicated. 

One example of the formal assessment tools that I mentioned is the REALM. And what this tool does, it assesses word recognition, but they’re health-related words. And the nice thing about this tool is that it can be done very quickly, it only takes about two to three minutes to complete. With this tool, what it does is that it assesses word recognition, so the patients ability to say the words. And again if you’re not been in the health care system for a while, you’re not familiar with a lot of these terms, it can get pretty difficulty to say the words, because it starts out with some pretty simple terms, and then it gets a little complicated towards the end. Now, the tools is assessed based on grade level. So it’s assessed from third grade level up to adult up to about eight or ninth grade. And know the patient’s grade level with doing this tool helps us to understand what the best tools to use for patient education are. So this is actually something that would be good if you’re going to be working with the patient for a long period of time. 

The problem with the REALM is that it does not assess comprehension of the words. It just asks the patient to say the words. And based on the level of complexity, you’ll get an idea of their level of health literacy, so really not a complete tool. Another tool is actually a little bit more in depth then the REALM is the TOHLA. And this tool actually assesses level of comprehension. So on the test, the patient is given a number of sentences and they need to fill in the blank with …. They have a selection of four options. And to complete the sentence, they need to fill it with a term. This is able to assess health literacy from the area of comprehension, because all of the information is related to health care concepts, using more words such as x-ray or diagnostic test. So then you’re able to assess a little bit more how well the patient is able to comprehend health information, and this is very important, again, when patients access the health care system, maybe usually health insurance cards. If they really don’t understand how to use the cards that is indicative of a low level of comprehension with using health information. So this tool is a little longer. It probably takes about 15 to 20 minutes, so it’s often used in clinical trials to assess the health literacy, but I think this tool is important for public health educators, because if you’re doing assessments of outcomes for a specific intervention, it’s a very nice way of standardizing the assessment of health literacy for those who are participating in the study. Now the example is the Newest Vital Sign. And actually, this is the newest screening tool that’s been promoted to assess level of health literacy. And the nice thing about this tool is that it is able to assess different parts of literacy. So it assesses word recognition. It also assesses comprehension, but it also assesses the patient’s ability to do some basic computations, based on a prescription label or a diet label, so on a box of cheerios or whatever. 

If the patient is able to look at that label and then be able to compute maybe what is a normal serving size, it’s a few skills that need to go into that. For example, if you’re using a liquid medication and you need to count how many milliliters you need to take, that requires you to be able to do some computation. And some patients may not be able to demonstrate that skill, although it seems as if they understand if you ask them. So I think those three tools are a nice example of different types of assessing health literacy, different types of instruments to assess health literacy, but it’s also important to recognize that the limitation is that they’re not a complete recognize that the limitation is that they’re not a complete assessment. Another part of the health literacy that probably no formal tool can assess is, again, the patient’s ability to put all of the information together. So it really, again, is down to the patient-provider communication skills, and how we’re communicating health information, and make sure that we’re having on going patient education for health promotion. 

Health literacy: Additional Content Attribution 

Music: Creative Support services

Los Angeles, CA

Dimension Sound Effects Library- Newnan, GA 

Narrator Tracks Music Library- Stevens Point, WI 

Signature Music, Inc

Chesterton, IN- Studio Cutz Music Library 

Carrolton, TX. 

Discussion Part 

Discussion: Health Literacy and Marketing

1. Janet is the health care administrator at a major hospital who is tasked with addressing an issue with recent prescription requests of a particular drug and complaints of overdoses in patients seen in the last three months. This issue is a top priority, not only for patient safety, but also because this prescription drug has received extensive marketing and promotion in the hospital over the past three months. Patients are now complaining that the marketing that promotes the prescription drug as being extremely safe is a direct lie. After speaking with several of the patients and providers of care, Janet has requested copies of each prescription ordered for the patients who have been screened.

After poring over hundreds of prescription orders, Janet has arrived at three conclusions. All overdoses occurred in one department with four providers who primarily see and treat patients that are non-native English speakers and who do not have family members or relatives at home to assist with providing care. Specifically, Janet notices that the issue is linked with the directions on the quantity of medication administered and that this quantity has been misinterpreted by the patients who have suffered an overdose. With a solution in mind, Janet is calling the department and pharmacy to implement a fix to avoid potential overdoses within the next few hours.

In what ways might health literacy account for the issues described in the scenario? What considerations should you keep in mind as a health care administrator to ensure that marketing of programs or services are consistent with the health literacy levels of your target population?

For this Discussion, review the resources for this week. Reflect on potential consequences that health care administrators might face when developing communications that do not account for health literacy in target audiences. Then, consider how health literacy might influence decisions that health care administrators might make when proposing services or programs for health care delivery.

By Day 3

· Post a brief explanation of the consequences health care administrators might face when developing communications that do not account for health literacy in target audiences. Explain how health literacy might influence the decisions health care administrators make when proposing services and programs for health care delivery. Be specific and provide examples. 

By Day 5

Continue the Discussion and suggest a possible solution health care administrators might implement to address the consequences described by your colleagues.

Submission and Grading Information:

Grading Criteria: To access your rubric

Week 6 Discussion Rubric: Post by Day 3 and respond by Day 5.

To participate in this Discussion: Week 6 Discussion 

Assignment Part: Assignment: Impact of Health Literacy on Marketing Plan

1. Person-centered health care means people have both the knowledge required to make decisions about their care and the support of providers and family who respect their needs and preferences.

—Hurtado, Swift, & Corrigan (2001)

“In what ways might health literacy affect an agency’s marketing plan to promote health care services or health care delivery?”

2. Before marketing a health care service or program, health care administrators must first consider the target audience that will most likely use the service or program. In identifying the target audience, the health care administrator also must determine the health literacy of the target audience and devise strategies to market the service or program appropriately within this respective target audience. Therefore, the ability of the target audience to decipher the health message, determine the service or program being offered, and identify how to best access this service or program represents the important considerations that inform how the message should be communicated.

3. For this Assignment, consider what impact the health literacy of your intended target audience might have on your plan. Reflect on how you will determine your target audience’s health literacy and what considerations you will need to address in your plan.

Note: The completion of this Assignment will consist of the elements necessary for Component 4 of your Final Project.

The Assignment (2–5 pages) 

· Describe the health literacy of your target audience for your marketing plan.

· Explain how your marketing plan will address the health literacy of your target audience.

· Describe two strategies you might take to best tailor the messages in your marketing plan to promote uptake within your target audience and explain why.

By Day 7

Submit your Assignment.

Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

· Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK6Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.

· Click the Week 6 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.

· Click the Week 6 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.

· Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “WK6Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.

· If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.

· Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.

306 DB1 REP2 (75 WORDS)

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Socialism and communism are pretty similar to one another when it comes to their definition. “Generally, socialism refers to an economic system or political organization in which the means of production and distribution are owned or controlled collectively, often by a centralized government” (Azria, 2013, para. 1). Socialism was brought about in hopes that it would help erase class conflicts and social problems that were caused by a capitalist system. The main way to explain socialism is a government or source of power will collect ownership of many things such as food, clothing, and other goods and distribute them how and to whom they see fit. Communism is very similar to socialism because they both use a central power or government to distribute goods. “Communism is a political and economic system that seeks to eliminate private property and spread the benefits of labor equally throughout the populace” (Issitt, 2013, para. 1). In many cases communism is looked at to be an extension to socialism, both of these have theories written about them by a famous theorist named Karl Max. He believed that the working class would lead a type of revolution or rebellion before governments were able to gain ownership over wealth and property in hopes to eliminate a capitalist class-based system. Both are these are similar because they have the same strategy and goal. In communism the working class own everything, all members of the community work toward the same goal. In this form of government there are no wealthy and no poor people; this is because all members are considered equal. Members of the community work the same bare minimal because nothing is gained by working harder. In this type of society there is low production, mass poverty, and limited advancement. The community distributes what is produced and it is based on who they feel needs what goods and services. Socialism is pretty much the same except their main focus is on equality. Unlike communism workers in a socialism government will earn money that they spend as they feel is best, however unlike communism the government owns and operates production. Just like communism there is nothing achieved by working harder than others which results in poor motivation. In many cases socialism and communism arose because many people were wanting to overthrow the aristocracy which the bourgeoisie did, but when they did it ended up getting them capitalism instead. “Eventually, under the French Revolution, the bourgeoisie overthrew the aristocracy and created industrial capitalism” (Shubert, Goldstein, 2012, sect. 1.5). The main thing that promoted the rise of communism and socialism was the working class was tired of suffering while the wealthy did nothing to help them. Therefore, they wanted equality and for everyone to have the same wealth. When it came to strikes, they had a huge impact on European societies. This is because the main goal from strikes was to raise wages, address working conditions, while also challenging to change the political and economic situations within the European nation. In many cases Europeans likes socialism and communism mainly because it helped make everyone equal. It also helped bring societies together after they were torn apart by the French Revolution. At this point most Europeans were willing to try any type of political system if it meant getting away from capitalism. I personally feel that socialism and communism played a major role when it comes to WWI. I feel this way because of certain events such as Russia signing treaties with Germany helped lead to the war.

Azria, S. M. C. J. (2013). Economic Systems: Socialism. Research Starters: Sociology (Online Edition). Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=89185444&site=eds-live&scope=site

Issitt, M. (2013). Communist State. Salem Press Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=88390978&site=eds-live&scope=site (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Shubert, A. & Goldstein, R.J. (2012). Twentieth-century Europe[Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/

comment eve

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I NEED A POSITIVE COMMENT BASED IN THIS ARGUMENT..BETWEEN 100-120 WORDS

Substantial evidence has now been provided that stakeholder involvement is essential for management effectiveness in clinical research and implementation of new proposals. Feedback from stakeholders has critical value for research managers in as much as it alerts them to the social, environmental, and ethical implications of research activities. Additionally, those who are directly affected by program development and clinical research, the patients, their families, and others, almost universally have a strong motivation to be involved in the planning and execution of new program changes. Stakeholders are the customers, suppliers, the general public, and any other group, which are likely to be affected by the organization’s ultimate decisions. The process of incorporating the ideas and input from these groups has been termed “stakeholder engagement.” It reflects an increasingly accepted attitude that organizations not only have an ethical obligation to involve the participation of stakeholders in their collective activity but also in so doing their overall organizational effectiveness will be enhanced (Pandi-Perumal, Akhter,  Zizi,  Jean-Louis,  Ramasubramanian, Freeman,  & Narasimhan, 2015).  The process of identifying, engaging stakeholders must begin well in advance so that dialog is seen to play an important part of project implementation; no decisions should be already made before commencing stakeholder engagement on project-related issues. Stakeholder engagement is intended to help administrators fully realize the benefits of applying community and patient interest in hospital programs, and to ensure that research and program changes benefit those who are most directly affected. The stakeholder focus group is a communication medium through which the opinions of individuals or groups of individuals who are impacted by the research can be elicited. Focus groups can also serve to clarify each stakeholder’s role and responsibilities, as well as promoting an overall understanding of the project requirements. Such processes also provide stakeholders with an environment in which they can express their opinions and feel that they have been heard (Pandi-Perumal, Akhter,  Zizi,  Jean-Louis,  Ramasubramanian, Freeman,  & Narasimhan, 2015).

Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Akhter, S., Zizi, F., Jean-Louis, G., Ramasubramanian, C., Freeman, R., & Narasimhan, M. (2015). Project Stakeholder Management in the Clinical Research Environment: How to Do it Right. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, 71. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00071

psychology

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# 1.1

(1 pts.) In the textbook case, what information led Dr. Tobin to conclude that Shaun Boyden’s sexual attraction to children was not a passing fancy? ‘

  

 A) the fact that he reported having the urges since adolescence 

 B) the fact that his wife was unaware of his problem 

 C) the fact that he was never caught in the past 

 D) the fact that he had a relatively normal sexual development 

 

# 1.2

(1 pts.) Charlie has opted to have psychosurgery performed in order to change his pedophilic patterns. Which of the following procedures will Charlie have done?

  

 A) prefrontal lobotomy 

 B) hypothalamotomy 

 C) castration 

 D) vasectomy 

 

# 1.3

(1 pts.) Dr. Walters is instructing Harry to imagine that he has just “flashed” his genitals at an unsuspecting woman on the street. After the woman responds in horror, Harry is to imagine that all of his closest friends jump out of a nearby alley and start laughing at him. Dr. Walters is using the technique known as

  

 A) systematic desensitization. 

 B) cognitive restructuring. 

 C) covert conditioning. 

 D) behavior modification. 

 

# 1.4

(1 pts.) Who is most likely to be the target of a frotteurist’s desires?

  

 A) a person from work 

 B) a life-long friend 

 C) a shopper at the mall 

 D) a close relative 

 

# 1.5

(1 pts.) Which of the following qualities is NOT implied by a diagnosis of transvestic fetishism?

  

 A) male 

 B) sees self as male 

 C) heterosexual 

 D) homosexual 

 

# 1.6

(1 pts.) Cheryl is seeking a sex change operation. It is most likely that a qualified surgeon would require her to

  

 A) explore sexual relationships with both males and females. 

 B) get parental consent prior initiating the surgery. 

 C) live as a member of the opposite sex for a period prior to surgery. 

 D) pay for the surgical procedures well in advance. 

 

# 1.7

(1 pts.) Dwayne is very interested in sex but his penis remains flaccid despite erotic stimulation. Dwayne has

  

 A) sexual arousal disorder. 

 B) sexual aversion disorder. 

 C) male erectile disorder. 

 D) inhibited male orgasm disorder. 

 

# 1.8

(1 pts.) A client is diagnosed with an erectile dysfunction. Based on the research presented in the text, which of the following statements best describes the likely cause of his condition?

  

 A) It is most likely that his difficulty is due to physical problems. 

 B) It is most likely that his difficulty is due to psychological problems. 

 C) There is about a 50-50 chance that his problems are due to either physical or psychological factors. 

 D) There is a strong chance that his difficulties are due to neurological problems. 

 

# 1.9

(1 pts.) Based on the information presented in the textbook case, Shaun Boyden might be considered a ______ since he had a normal history of sexual development and interests.

  

 A) child rapist 

 B) preference molester 

 C) situational molester 

 D) generalized molester 

 

# 1.10

(1 pts.) Wendy has just purchased a vibrator in order to enhance her sexual arousal when she makes love to her husband. Which of the following statements best describes this situation?

  

 A) Wendy would be considered a fetishist. 

 B) Wendy’s husband might be diagnosed with erectile disorder. 

 C) Wendy might be diagnosed with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. 

 D) Wendy’s behavior would not necessarily be considered fetishistic. 

 

# 1.11

(1 pts.) While making love Harry feels a strong need to be dominant and often subjects his lovers to harsh physical treatment. This is the only way Harry can achieve sexual gratification. Harry might be diagnosed as having

  

 A) sexual sadism. 

 B) sexual masochism. 

 C) frotteurism. 

 D) fetishism. 

 

# 1.12

(1 pts.) Joe becomes sexually aroused when he views sexually explicit photographs. He also gets really turned on when his lover undresses in front of him. Joe’s behavior might be described as

  

 A) fetishistic. 

 B) frotteuristic. 

 C) voyeuristic. 

 D) normal. 

 

# 1.13

(1 pts.) Katie is not interested in sexual activity and reports no desire for it, nor does she fantasize about having sex. Katie might be diagnosed as having

  

 A) hypoactive sexual desire disorder. 

 B) sexual arousal disorder. 

 C) inhibited female orgasm disorder. 

 D) sexual aversion disorder. 

 

# 1.14

(1 pts.) Sandy is interested in sexual activity and does become sexually aroused. However, despite sexual stimulation, she cannot achieve orgasm. Sandy might have which sexual dysfunction?

  

 A) female orgasmic disorder 

 B) vaginismus 

 C) dysorgasmia 

 D) hypoactive sexual desire disorder 

 

# 1.15

(1 pts.) Karen and Mark are being treated for a sexual dysfunction and their therapist is urging them to take turns stimulating each in nonsexual ways for a few weeks. Their therapist is using which of the following methods?

  

 A) the squeeze technique 

 B) the start-stop procedure 

 C) systematic resensitization 

 D) sensate focus 

 

# 1.16

(1 pts.) Clark has recently become interested in being spanked before engaging in intercourse. He can become sexually aroused if he is not spanked but enjoys this as a sort of passing fancy. How might you describe dark’s condition?

  

 A) He has a sexual dysfunction. 

 B) He has a paraphilia. 

 C) He is a sadist. 

 D) He does not necessarily have a sexual disorder. 

 

# 1.17

(1 pts.) Bob has intense recurrent fantasies in which he is walking along the beach and a woman approaches. As she gets near, he unbuttons his pants and exposes his genitals to her. At that instant, she falls madly in love with him and they make love in the sand. Bob occasionally acts out these fantasies, and might be given the diagnosis of

  

 A) sexual sadism. 

 B) exhibitionism. 

 C) transvestic fetishism. 

 D) frotteurism. 

 

# 1.18

(1 pts.) A woman is erotically obsessed with men’s ankles to the point of exclusion of all other erotic stimuli. This woman’s desires are illustrative of

  

 A) partialism. 

 B) sadism. 

 C) frotteurism. 

 D) voyeurism. 

 

# 1.19

(1 pts.) Jeff has a compulsive desire to wear women’s clothes. He is able to achieve sexual arousal only when he cross-dresses. Jeff might be given the diagnosis of

  

 A) sexual sadism. 

 B) voyeurism. 

 C) fetishism. 

 D) transvestic fetishism. 

 

# 1.20

(1 pts.) In the 70s, Dr. Richard Raskin underwent a radical surgery in which his assigned sex was changed. He is now known as a woman named Renee Richards. Prior to the surgery Dr. Raskin might have been diagnosed as having

  

 A) sexual aversion disorder. 

 B) gender identity disorder. 

 C) transvestic fetishism. 

 D) male erectile disorder. 

 

# 1.21

(1 pts.) John gets nauseous when he thinks about having sexual intercourse and he actively avoids the sexual advances of others. John might be diagnosed as having

  

 A) male erectile disorder. 

 B) sexual aversion disorder. 

 C) dyspareunia. 

 D) inhibited male orgasm disorder. 

 

# 1.22

(1 pts.) Joseph experiences such intense and recurrent genital pain during sexual intercourse that even the thought of having sex is unbearable. Joseph might have

  

 A) erectile disorder. 

 B) vaginismus. 

 C) dyspareunia. 

 D) inhibited male orgasm. 

 

# 1.23

(1 pts.) Based on this information in the case report in the textbook, what assessment information might have led Dr. Tobin to conclude that Shaun Boyden was abused as a child?

  

 A) His Rorschach responses indicated a great deal of impulsivity. 

 B) Shaun’s verbal IQ was somewhat higher than his performance IQ. 

 C) Shaun’s score on one of the MMPI lie scales indicated his responses were guarded. 

 D) His TAT stories contained themes of victimization. 

 

# 1.24

(1 pts.) Wayne has pedophilia. He tends to victimize boys but does not engage in physical violence or nonsexual aggression. Wayne would be categorized as a(n) ____ aggressor.

  

 A) physiological 

 B) cognitive 

 C) affective 

 D) developmentally related 

 

# 1.25

(1 pts.) Several of the patients with mental retardation portrayed in the 1970s documentary “Willowbrook: The Last Great Disgrace” walk around the ward with no clothes on. Which of the following statements might best characterize this behavior?

  

 A) In addition to being diagnosed with mental retardation, they might be diagnosed with exhibitionism. 

 B) In addition to being diagnosed with mental retardation, they might be diagnosed with voyeurism. 

 C) These individuals would be dually diagnosed with mental retardation and hypoactive sexual desire disorder. 

 D) Because their behavior is likely due to brain damage, their behavior would not be considered paraphilic. 

 

# 1.26

(1 pts.) When Jimmy was a child, he used to hide out in his closet, sit on the floor amid shoes, and masturbate. He now has a shoe fetish. The development of his disorder would be of no surprise to a

  

 A) psychoanalyst. 

 B) humanist. 

 C) behavioral theorist. 

 D) psychiatrist. 

 

# 1.27

(1 pts.) Five-year-old Timmy has older sisters who dress him up occasionally and call him “Timbelina” since they really wanted a little sister instead of a little brother. If this pattern continues it is possible that Tim might develop

  

 A) sexual masochism. 

 B) sexual sadism. 

 C) pedophilia. 

 D) transvestic fetishism. 

 

# 1.28

(1 pts.) Why is it difficult to determine whether or not individuals with gender identity disorder have a heterosexual or a homosexual orientation?

  

 A) because defense mechanisms are very strong and do not allow the unconscious tendencies to surface 

 B) because most report having bisexual tendencies so they really don’t express a preference 

 C) because the definition of their orientation could be based on either their assigned sex or their gender identity 

 D) because their gender identity confusion also makes them feel confused about their sexual orientation as well 

 

# 1.29

(1 pts.) Carol is extremely interested in sex but does not experience the vaginal changes that ordinarily precede sexual intercourse. Carol may have

  

 A) sexual aversion disorder. 

 B) hypoactive sexual desire disorder. 

 C) inhibited female orgasm disorder. 

 D) female sexual arousal disorder. 

 

# 1.30

(1 pts.) Pattie is extremely frustrated because every time she has sex with her husband she has painful muscle spasms in her vagina which prevent her husband from penetrating. Pattie may very well have

  

 A) dyspareunia. 

 B) anorgasmia. 

 C) frigidity. 

 D) vaginismus. 

 

# 1.31

(1 pts.) Which of the following facts led Dr. Tobin to hypothesize that Janice Butterfield was suffering from depression even during their initial phone conversation?

  

 A) Janice’s rapid speech and grandiose thinking 

 B) Janice’s faint and slow-paced speech 

 C) Janice’s melodramatic tone 

 D) Janice’s delusional thinking 

 

# 1.32

(1 pts.) John is in a period of intense disruptive and heightened thinking, behavior, and emotionality. John is experiencing a(n) ____ episode.

  

 A) depressive 

 B) euphoric 

 C) dysthymic . 

 D) manic 

 

# 1.33

(1 pts.) Howard suffers from mild mood swings that range from dysphoria to hypomania. His mood can change rapidly and at times his behavior borders on eccentric, but he still holds down a job at the neighborhood hardware store, and his marriage although a bit strained is on good ground. Howard might be diagnosed as having

  

 A) bipolar disorder. 

 B) major depressive disorder. 

 C) hypomania. 

 D) cyclothymic disorder 

 

# 1.34

(1 pts.) Based on Seligman’s ideas regarding depression, which of the following attributions would be made by an individual likely to become depressed?

  

 A) I failed this exam because I am stupid. 

 B) I missed the game-tying foul shot because I was nervous. 

 C) I broke up with my girlfriend because of a difference of opinion. 

 D) I was fired because my boss was a jerk. 

 

# 1.35

(1 pts.) Brad’s therapist is treating his depression by helping Brad evaluate the rationality of his automatic thoughts, and identify and alter the silent dysfunctional assumptions he makes about things that happen to him. Based on this information, it sounds as if Brad’s therapist may be _____ in her orientation.

  

 A) psychodynamic 

 B) behavioral 

 C) cognitive 

 D) interpersonal 

 

# 1.36

(1 pts.) Beth is suffering from major depressive disorder. Which of the following facts might lead her therapist to be highly concerned about the possibility of her committing suicide?

  

 A) the fact that she is middle-aged. 

 B) the fact that her GABA levels are so high . 

 C) the fact that two of her relatives have committed suicide 

 D) the fact that she has lost her job. 

 

# 1.37

(1 pts.) Although Juanita has been severely depressed, her motor activity has been frantic. The term for this type of motor activity is

  

 A) psychomotor agitation. 

 B) somatic hysteria. 

 C) psychomotor hyperactivity. 

 D) somatic mania. 

 

# 1.38

(1 pts.) Joe has a mood disorder in which he experiences alternating episodes of severe depression and mild bouts of mania. Which of the following diagnoses would best describe Joe’s condition?

  

 A) bipolar I disorder 

 B) bipolar II disorder 

 C) manic depression 

 D) cyclothymic disorder 

 

# 1.39

(1 pts.) Catecholamine is to ____ as indolamine is to

  

 A) serotonin; norepinephrine 

 B) GABA; serotonin 

 C) norepinephrine; serotonin 

 D) dopamine; norepinephrine 

 

# 1.40

(1 pts.) The statement “My girlfriend dumped me; all women must hate me” is an example of Beck’s cognitive distortion known as .

  

 A) catastrophizing. 

 B) dichotomous thinking. 

 C) excessive responsibility. 

 D) overgeneralization. 

 

# 1.41

(1 pts.) Andrea, a depressed client, was instructed by her therapist to attend a retirement party she was invited to. Prior to going, he asked her to try to estimate how much fun she would have at the party. Andrea’s therapist is having her conduct a(n)

  

 A) graded task assignment. 

 B) in vivo exposure. 

 C) pleasure prediction experiment. 

 D) self-monitoring task. 

 

# 1.42

(1 pts.) A therapist is treating Scott’s depression using an approach which focuses on the present and whose guidelines have been established through research data. Scott’s therapist is most likely to have a(n) ___ orientation.

  

 A) psychoanalytic 

 B) humanistic 

 C) interpersonal 

 D) intergenerational 

 

# 1.43

(1 pts.) Jenny is suffering from clinical depression. As a result, she typically wakes up early in the morning and tends to be more gloomy in the morning than during the rest of the day. Which of the following specifiers best applies to Jenny’s case?

  

 A) in remission 

 B) postpartum 

 C) melancholic type 

 D) seasonal pattern 

 

# 1.44

(1 pts.) Which of the following facts from the case of Kay Redfield Jamison would be of most interest to a behavior geneticist? The fact that her

  

 A) family moved a lot when she was a child. 

 B) first bout with a mood episode occurred when she was a teenager. 

 C) aunt was diagnosed with schizophrenia. 

 D) father suffered from severe depressive episodes. 

 

# 1.45

(1 pts.) Dr. Jaspers feels that Rhonda’s manic episode is an unconscious defense that she is using to guard against sinking into a state of gloom and despair. Based on this information Dr. Jaspers’ orientation is most likely

  

 A) humanistic. 

 B) behavioral. 

 C) existential. 

 D) psychodynamic. 

 

# 1.46

(1 pts.) Which of the following statements best describes the psychodynamic component of the interpersonal theory of depression?

  

 A) The theory emphasizes id ego and superego. 

 B) The theory incorporates behavioral contracting. 

 C) The theory explores the disturbed attachment bonds from early childhood. 

 D) The theory posits psychosexual stages of development. 

 

# 1.47

(1 pts.) Mary has been in a continual state of dysfunction that has kept her from feeling truly happy or well-adjusted but she has never had a full-blown depressive episode. Mary might be diagnosed as suffering from

  

 A) cyclothymic disorder. 

 B) dysthymic disorder. 

 C) bipolar disorder. 

 D) major depressive disorder. 

 

# 1.48

(1 pts.) Although Katy is on medication to control her bipolar disorder, her psychiatrist is still concerned that she may have another manic episode in the weeks to come. Katy’s doctor is worried about the phenomenon known as

  

 A) directing. 

 B) kindling. 

 C) snow-balling. 

 D) spontaneous recovery. 

 

# 1.49

(1 pts.) Harriet’s therapist is focusing on how the death of her husband has disrupted her important automatic behavior patterns or “scripts” and how this disruption seems to be worsening her depression. Based on this information, what kind of orientation does Harriet’s therapist seem to have? 

  

 A) psychodynamic 

 B) cognitive 

 C) behavioral 

 D) humanistic 

 

# 1.50

(1 pts.) Debbie has been diagnosed with the rapid cycling type of bipolar disorder. Which of the following types of medication is most likely to help her improve?

  

 A) lithium carbonate 

 B) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 

 C) monoamine oxidase inhibitors 

 D) anticonvulsant medications 

 

# 1.51

(1 pts.) Margaret is highly committed to dying but she has chosen to ingest ten aspirin tablets. Her suicide attempt would be described as being ______ in suicidal intent and ______ in suicidal lethality.

  

 A) low; low 

 B) high; high 

 C) low; high 

 D) high; low 

 

# 1.52

(1 pts.) In the textbook case, David Marshall’s belief that television commercials were specifically directed to him is referred to as a delusion of

  

 A) persecution. 

 B) reference. 

 C) grandeur. 

 D) nihilism. 

 

# 1.53

(1 pts.) Charlie, a client with schizophrenia, is being encouraged by his therapist to talk with his co-workers and ask them about their personal lives in hopes that he will learn that they are not aliens from Venus trying to take over Earth. The therapist is asking Charlie to use a technique best known as

  

 A) reality testing. 

 B) labeling. 

 C) verbal challenge. 

 D) didactic listening. 

 

# 1.54

(1 pts.) Jennifer recently experienced a brief psychotic episode soon after her miscarriage. The symptoms lasted a little less than a month. Jennifer had experienced

  

 A) schizophreniform disorder. 

 B) schizoid personality disorder. 

 C) brief psychotic disorder. 

 D) disorganized schizophrenia. 

 

# 1.55

(1 pts.) Reggie thinks that the any marital discord between the president and his wife is because the First Lady is secretly in love with him and wishes to spend the rest of her life with him. Which type of psychosis is Reggie suffering from?

  

 A) paranoid schizophrenia 

 B) delusional disorder, erotomanic type 

 C) schizoaffective disorder 

 D) disorganized schizophrenia 

 

# 1.56

(1 pts.) Because of the vagueness and generality of the criteria at the time, an individual diagnosed as having schizophrenia in the 1960s

  

 A) would probably not meet the current criteria for the disorder. 

 B) would probably not recover as quickly as someone diagnosed now. 

 C) would probably now be diagnosed as having an organic dementia. 

 D) would probably have more limited symptoms than someone diagnosed now. 

 

# 1.57

(1 pts.) Frank seems to welcome the sympathy and attention that he gets from his parents when he has a psychotic episode. Which of the following might be maintaining his symptoms?

  

 A) negative reinforcement 

 B) primary gain 

 C) secondary gain 

 D) vicarious reinforcement 

 

# 1.58

(1 pts.) The symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with the overactivity of neurons that respond to which neurotransmitter?

  

 A) norepinephrine 

 B) GABA 

 C) serotonin ; 

 D) dopamine 

 

# 1.59

(1 pts.) Low levels of dopamine are associated with ______, while high levels of dopamine are generally associated with ______.

  

 A) tardive dyskinesia; Parkinson’s disease 

 B) Graves’ disease; Parkinson’s disease 

 C) schizophrenia; Alzheimer’s disease 

 D) Parkinson’s disease; schizophrenia 

 

# 1.60

(1 pts.) Before developing schizophrenia, Reggie was a relatively successful attorney, but has stopped working and now prefers to wander the streets in preparation for an “airlift” of humans by extraterrestrials. Reggie’s story lends credibility to which hypothesis regarding the relationship between social class and schizophrenic symptoms?

  

 A) downward social drift hypothesis. 

 B) social causation hypothesis. 

 C) double bind hypothesis. 

 D) milieu hypothesis. 

 

# 1.61

(1 pts.) Lori has a constant sensation that she has snakes crawling through her intestines. Lori is experiencing a(n)

  

 A) hallucination. 

 B) delusion. 

 C) apparition. 

 D) chimera. 

 

# 1.62

(1 pts.) Even while talking about the death of her husband a decade ago, Carol giggles almost uncontrollably. Many people in the hospital characterize her as being silly. What type of schizophrenia might she have?

  

 A) undifferentiated schizophrenia 

 B) disorganized schizophrenia 

 C) catatonic schizophrenia 

 D) paranoid schizophrenia  

 

# 1.63

(1 pts.) Why might it be difficult to determine the incidence and prevalence of schizoaffective disorder?

  

 A) because of the overlap between this disorder, the schizophrenias, and the mood disorders 

 B) because most individuals who suffer from this disorder are misdiagnosed as having an anxiety disorder 

 C) because of the highly specific criteria that must be met in order to receive this diagnosis 

 D) because most psychiatrists use this diagnosis as a catch-all category for a variety of disorders 

 

# 1.64

(1 pts.) A woman is absolutely convinced that her recent car accident was actually an attempt on her life by the CIA. What delusional disorder might she have?

  

 A) delusional disorder, grandiose type 

 B) delusional disorder, jealous type 

 C) delusional disorder, persecutory type 

 D) delusional disorder, somatic type 

 

# 1.65

(1 pts.) Roger is participating in a test that requires him to stare at a computer screen on which several letters of the alphabet are being flashed at a very high speed. Every time Roger sees the letter Q he is supposed to press a button. Roger is involved in a test of

  

 A) smooth pursuit eye movements. 

 B) sustained attention. 

 C) sensory gating. 

 D) event related potential. 

 

# 1.66

(1 pts.) Martha is a recovering from schizophrenia. She has been taking high doses of antipsychotic medications for a very long period of time and has begun to experience uncontrollable movements of her mouth and tongue that make her appear as if she were chewing food in a very exaggerated way. Martha is experiencing the symptoms of

  

 A) tardive dyskinesia. 

 B) Parkinson’s disease. 

 C) Graves’ disease. 

 D) Tourette’s syndrome. 

 

# 1.67

(1 pts.) Judy has schizophrenia and walks around the hospital ward constantly rubbing her hands together and twisting her hair for no apparent reason. This behavior is illustrative of

  

 A) catatonic excitement. 

 B) catatonic stupor. 

 C) catatonic rigidity. 

 D) residual catatonia. 

 

# 1.68

(1 pts.) Jerry has schizophrenia, but no single symptom seems to be dominant in his case. He exhibits a variety of symptoms such as disturbances in sense of self, stereotyped movements, flat affect, and delusional thinking. Jerry might be diagnosed as having which type of schizophrenia?

  

 A) catatonic 

 B) disorganized 

 C) hebephrenic 

 D) undifferentiated  

 

# 1.69

(1 pts.) Ellen has forsaken the religious beliefs of her own mainstream upbringing and has started to adhere to the strange delusional religious beliefs of her very dominant husband, who believes that he is the direct descendant of an ancient Greek god. She now has no qualms about her husband sleeping with other women since, according to her husband’s interpretation of the Bible, it is a man’s given right. Ellen might be diagnosed as having

  

 A) a brief psychotic disorder. 

 B) shared psychotic disorder. 

 C) schizoaffective disorder. 

 D) delusional disorder, jealous type. 

 

# 1.70

(1 pts.) The case of the Genain quadruplets, who developed schizophrenia, provided evidence regarding the

  

 A) difference between the paranoid and disorganized types of schizophrenia. 

 B) role of dopamine in development of schizophrenia. 

 C) interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the development of schizophrenia. 

 D) cross-fostering of schizophrenic traits among siblings. 

 

# 1.71

(1 pts.) Why might it be difficult to utilize psychological methods to treat a client with schizophrenia in the active phase of the disorder?

  

 A) During the active phase, many individuals with schizophrenia need to be restrained because of violent outbursts. 

 B) During the active phase, the individual is very much out of touch with reality and may not respond to reason. 

 C) During the active phase, the individual is so exhausted from the intensity of the symptoms that it is difficult to stay awake. ‘ 

 D) During the active phase, the personality changes experienced by the people with schizophrenia are very rapid. 

 

# 1.72

(1 pts.) Dr. Carson defines sexual deviations as

  

 A) practices and behaviors that are of harm to the individual or to others. 

 B) aberrations from what society considers normal. 

 C) behaviors diverging from a common biological pathway for human sexual behavior. 

 D) societal taboos. 

 

# 1.73

(1 pts.) Ann and John are experiencing sexual difficulties; specifically, John suffers from premature ejaculation, a common dysfunction. Dr. Kaplan would look for

  

 A) physical dysfunctions. 

 B) physical stressors, psychological problems, and relationship difficulties. 

 C) relationship problems in the marriage. 

 D) low hormone levels in John. 

 

# 1.74

(1 pts.) A typical behavioral cycle among exhibitionists includes the following stages:

  

 A) insult, depression, restoration of self-esteem by exposing, shame. 

 B) exposing, shame, depression. 

 C) substance abuse, exposing, shame, depression. 

 D) substance abuse, shame, restoration of self-esteem by exposing. 

 

# 1.75

(1 pts.) Joe is a rapist who goes out drinking before committing a rape. His drinking is a means of

  

 A) lowering his inhibitions. 

 B) blocking painful memories. 

 C) breaking his regular response cycle. 

 D) engaging in preparatory behaviors. 

 

# 1.76

(1 pts.) In contrast to desire disorders, _____ disorders involve people who want to engage in sex but cannot.

  

 A) psychogenic 

 B) orgasmic 

 C) arousal 

 D) functional 

 

# 1.77

(1 pts.) Dr. Carson says that much of what we refer to as deviant sexuality involves elements of

  

 A) homosexuality. 

 B) sado-masochism. 

 C) power, aggression, and domination. 

 D) immature development. 

 

# 1.78

(1 pts.) On a regular basis, Anthony is unable to satisfactorily participate in sexual activities and has lost the ability and the desire to have sex. This is considered

  

 A) an arousal problem. 

 B) an orgasmic dysfunction. 

 C) a sexual performance problem. 

 D) a sexual dysfunction. 

 

# 1.79

(1 pts.) Hypomania is

  

 A) a mild form of mania. 

 B) a severe form of mania with psychotic features.  

 C) a severe form of mania without psychotic features 

 D) mania-making depression. 

 

# 1.80

(1 pts.) The risk of suicide is greatest in which of the following?

  

 A) a mild depression 

 B) a manic phase of bipolar disorder 

 C) a stuporous depression 

 D) a severe depression 

 

# 1.81

(1 pts.) In the case of the mood disorders, therapists can expect to be consulted by

  

 A) men and women in equal numbers. 

 B) more men than women. 

 C) more women than men. 

 D) more men with depression and more women with bipolar disorder. 

 

# 1.82

(1 pts.) Cognitive therapy is 

  

 A) a long-term treatment focusing on distortions in thinking 

 B) a long-term treatment focusing on depressive feelings 

 C) a short-term treatment focusing on distortions in thinking 

 D) a short-term treatment focusing on depressive feelings. 

 

# 1.83

(1 pts.) Severe depression may be expressed in

  

 A) psychomotor retardation.  

 B) impaired functioning 

 C) withdrawal  

 D) all of the above. 

 

# 1.84

(1 pts.) Unipolar depression can look like

  

 A) a mild depression. 

 B) hypomania. 

 C) bipolar disorder in the manic phase. 

 D) bipolar disorder in the depressive phase. 

 

# 1.85

(1 pts.) A person who needs little sleep, experiences delusions, and blindly does things that could harm himself or other people is likely suffering from

  

 A) hypomania. 

 B) a psychotic depression. 

 C) mania. 

 D) depressive stupor. 

 

# 1.86

(1 pts.) Which of the following are characteristic of schizophrenia?

  

 A) unusual thoughts 

 B) unusual perceptions 

 C) disorganized thoughts and speech 

 D) all of the above 

 

# 1.87

(1 pts.) Dr. Shulman suggests that some of the seemingly bizarre behavior among the homeless may be due to

  

 A) the high incidence of schizophrenia among the homeless , 

 B) the high incidence of multiple personalities among the homeless 

 C) the effects of being homeless 

 D) drug and /or alcohol abuse 

 

# 1.88

(1 pts.) Janine’s belief that others condemn and ridicule her is an example of a(n)

  

 A) auditory hallucination  

 B) visual hallucination  

 C) disorganization of speech  

 D) delusion 

 

# 1.89

(1 pts.) Denise Ford’s research on the families of people with schizophrenia suggests that development of the disorder

  

 A) alters the communication and mood patterns in the family 

 B) is the result of a schizophrenogenic mother 

 C) is the result of a schizophrenogenic father 

 D) is the result of genetic predisposition to the disorder 

 

 

 

 

 

      

 

306 WK2 DB1 RES1 (75 WORDS)

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The role of nationalism became a huge thing during the interwar period because of the growing feeling of a sense of independence wanted by many citizens.  There was a period of  “deglobalization” in which economic nationalism, or the belief that countries should be as self-supporting as possible, predominated (Shubert, A. & Goldstein, R.J. (2012)).  There was such a concern for famine that many governments imposed tariffs to prevent exports of food.  Nationalism is the belief that people were defined by their membership in a nation and owed that nation their primary loyalty. (Shubert, A. & Goldstein, R.J. (2012)).  “Nationalism is an ideology about individuated being. It is an ideology concerned with boundedness, continuity, and homogeneity encompassing diversity” (The Nationalism Project, Handler, R.).  A nationalist would argue that three basic requirements would constitute being a nationalist.  The first is that there exists a nation with an explicit and peculiar character.  Secondly, the interests and values of the nation take priority over all other interests and values.  Lastly, the nation must be as independent as possible (The Nationalism Project, Breuilly, J.).  Nationalism in the Allied countries was accepted for the most part, whereas nationalism in the Axis countries was not as accepting and nationalists were even punished.  Ernest Gellner explains that regardless of how individuals feel about their own nation they are only nationalists if they are of the same nation and share the same culture such as ideas and ways of behaving and communicating.  Additionally, they are of the same nation if they recognize each other as belonging to the same nation (The Nationalism Project, Gellner, E.).  There is much debate over the exact meaning of the word “nationalism” and whether or not it is a good thing or a bad thing and if it is better to be all in or only partially in.  “For our purposes, let us define it at the outset as a large social group integrated not by one but by a combination of several kinds of objective relationships (economic, political, linguistic, cultural, religious, geographical, historical), and their subjective reflection in collective consciousness” (The Nationalism Project, Miroslav, H.). 

References

Shubert, A. & Goldstein, R.J. (2012). Twentieth-century Europe [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/

The Nationalism Project (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. (http://www.nationalismproject.org/what.htm)

Week14_Disc_Yuri

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Please reply to this post with a minimum of two paragraphs with two references, APA Style, and no plagiarism. 

-The management of acute and chronic pain often includes opioid therapy. In both the acute and chronic pain settings, however, opioids have several disadvantages including risk of nausea and vomiting, somnolence, constipation, respiratory depression, androgen deficiency, physical dependence, and tolerance. Opioid medications also carry a risk of abuse or addiction by either the patient or non-medical users. For these reasons, consideration of non-opioid strategies for pain management is beneficial. While opioids will certainly continue to have a place in pain management despite their disadvantages, the use of non-opioid medication options may limit the amount of opioid necessary or even result in improved pain control. In fact, given that the majority of both acute and chronic pain is thought to be complex and multi factorial, a multi modal analgesic approach is ideal for management. Acetaminophen is typically considered first-line therapy for chronic pain conditions, including osteoarthritis (OA) and chronic pain associated with total knee arthroplasty. However, many times patients are treated inappropriately with opioids instead.

Acetaminophen is considered first-line treatment for many pain conditions because of its safety advantages. Compared with other analgesics available, acetaminophen is associated with very few adverse events and is considered safe to use chronically. Healthcare providers strive to “first do no harm.  Therefore, for most chronic pain conditions, a trial of acetaminophen should be used and monitored for effect before initiating other analgesics, including opioids. However, acetaminophen is not without risks. Safety concerns associated with acetaminophen include serious liver damage if ingestion is greater than the recommended total daily dose of 4,000 mg. Long-term high doses of acetaminophen and accidental overdose from inadvertently consuming multiple acetaminophen products are the leading causes of acute liver failure in the U. S. For this reason it is important that the patients who are utilizing acetaminophen chronically for pain are educated on proper dosing and administration, and are aware of any other acetaminophen-containing products they may use. The disadvantage of acetaminophen is that it often cannot provide a sufficient analgesic effect and does not exert a specific anti-inflammatory effect, causing many patients to discontinue or switch therapies.

REFERENCES

Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016; 65(1):1-49.

discussion question

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Identify a quote from one of this week’s readings that resonated with you. Why did you find this particular quote so impactful or noteworthy?

*Note: Reaction posts should be approximately 2 paragraphs in length. Responses to other students do not have a length requirement but serve as your participation grade (i.e., the more thorough the better).

I will upload reading the pages are 241- 251 only

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Response to student 

One quote that stood out to me was in Chapter Six from Hershey, page 125, “Now even though party loyalties have regained much of their influence, candidates still tend to downplay their partisanship as a means of attracting voter support.”

This stood out to me because in a number of ways we as voters see candidates by their party and often times not as the individual. Although candidates might not reinforce or reiterate that they are a Democrat or Republic, we as voters are trained through the media and by our social relationships to see these individuals as a party. While candidates want there to be a strong following from the party that they are representing, they are wanting to downplay it in hopes of gaining undecided voters or turning voters from the other party.

Another way this stood out to me was in relation to the Si Se Puede article. In that article, the results found that in Latino communities they were more likely to vote for someone of the same ethnic background as them. Whereas, in white or black communities the vote for a Latino candidate was much lower. I found this interesting because of the party ties that it can have. According to the data, a Latino voter is more likely to vote for a Latino candidate regardless of party affiliation. 

response must be 4 sentences 

need it done in 9 hours!!!!!!

ETH 125 WEEK 7 COPY OF SYLLABUS TO FOLLOW FOR THOSE TWO WORKSHEETS I SUBMITTED

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Week Seven: Gender and Sexual Orientation

 

Details

Due

Points

Objectives

1    

1.1   Describe the historical and contemporary status of women in the United States.

1.2   Identify various concepts and constructions of both masculinity and femininity.

1.3   Describe the historical and contemporary status of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people in the United States.

1.4   Identify social and political issues relevant to women and gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people in the United States.

 

 

Reading

ReadCh. 15 & Ch. 17, the section titled “Gays and Lesbians: Coming Out for Equality” through the conclusion, of Racial and Ethnic Groups.

 

 

Reading

Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings.

 

 

Video

Gender Socialization

Watch the MySocLab™ video “Gender Socialization” located on the student website.

 

 

Video

Women in the Workplace

Watch the MySocLab™ video “Women in the Workplace” located on the student website.

 

 

Tutorial

Income Inequality by Gender

View the MySocLab™ Social Explorer Map “Income Inequality by Gender” located on the student website.

 

 

Video

One Woman, One Vote, in American Experience

Watch the American History in Video “One Woman, One Vote, in American Experience” in this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings.

 

 

Video

Layers of Gender Identity

Watch the video “Layers of Gender Identity” in this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings.

 

 

 

Video

Gender Diversity

Watch the video “Gender Diversity” in this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings.

 

 

 

Video

Sexual Diversity

Watch the video “Sexual Diversity” in this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings.

 

 

Participation

Participate in class discussion.

At least four (4) days of the week.

10

Discussion Questions

Respond to weekly discussion questions.

Days

3 and 4

10

Individual

Gender and Sex Worksheet

Complete the Gender and Sex Worksheet, located on the student website.

Use a minimum of one (1) theory or concept from our week’s readings to support at least one of your answers to the questions on the worksheet.

Day 6

30

Individual

Diversity Organizations Worksheet and Paper

Complete your Diversity Organizations Worksheet and Paper. Referto the Diversity Organizations Worksheet, located on the student website, for instructions.

 

Use a minimum of two (2) theories or concepts from our week’s readings to support at least two of your answers to the questions. (One theory or concept for two (2) answers)

Day 7

40

 

310 DB1 REP2 (75 WORDS)

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There are a lot of natural resources in the world and the ocean is one of them.  Since the ocean covers 70 percent of the earth it is the largest natural resource for us.  When it comes to this natural resource it comes with direct and indirect environmental values, one main direct environmental value would be educational and scientific values, in our text the author states “if a scientist uses a particular mineral, body of water, or species for research that advances knowledge, we may attribute that to scientific value” (Dale, 2015).  This certain scientific value brings a lot of value to the ocean since about 91 percent of the species in the ocean still need to be identified (Mora, Tittensor, Adl, Simpson, & Worm, 2011).  As for indirect values there could be a lot as well, however one of the indirect values could come to pass in the future if the ocean begins to dry up, this would be a scarcity value which is a value that humans hold of a resource that eventual becomes rare (Dale, 2015).  As for putting a value on the ocean I think that we can not put a value on this natural resource since we can not put a market value on the ocean.

One threat to the ocean is oil pollution.  This has been seen a couple times the most recent was the Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010.  The events of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill were one of the largest oil spills in the history of the U.S. spewing over 4 million barrels of oil over the course of 87 days into the Gulf of Mexico (EPA, 2017).  Florida just passed an amendment that would ban offshore drilling in the election at the beginning of the month the amendment called for the banning of oil or natural gas drilling in state waters. This amendment will elevate the treat from oil pollution in the ocean for the coast of Florida.

When it comes to worldviews that influence the policy tension two of them come to mind, the first is anthropocentricism since this worldview means human centered, which in turn means that everything was put on earth to meet the demands of humans (Dale, 2015).  A lot of people believe that everything was put on this earth to make our lives easier.  The other worldview that I see is biocentrism which is self-centered, or humans are just one component of an associated natural framework (Dale, 2015).  The ocean is one natural resource that needs to be protected not just for us but for the living creatures that currently inhabit it as well.  The ocean provides us with air, food, and water so we need to do what we can to protect what is left.    

References:

Dale, L. (2015). Environmental policy (second ed.). Bridgepoint Education.

EPA. (2017). Deepwater Horizon – BP Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/deepwater-horizon-bp-gulf-mexico-oil-spill

Mora, C., Tittensor, D. P., Adl, S., Simpson, A. G., & Worm, B. (2011). How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean?. PLoS biology, 9(8), e1001127.

WK2 DB1 response 1 (75 words)

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Explain the implications of globalization.

With globalization being a process that allows the world to interact and get closer to each other without being close. Liberalism is explained to be the opinion which has a belief that an increasing level of globalization is not good for the economy. According to this perspective globalization implies that the richer become and continue to exploit the poor and get richer and on the other hand the poorer continues to being exploited and get even poorer than the normally are.

Identify at least two ethical issues that go along with the global societal topic you have chosen for your final essay.

Besides being that we humans and are made of 70% water, the global water shortage affects all whom populate the earth. Water is the foundation for many of our food and plant sources which makes water and water supplies valuable. This becomes a ethical issue when we do not have water to wash in, drink etc. Like Flint Michigan crisis when they switched water being pumped from Detroit to the Flint River with the rising levels of lead found in the water this wasn’t a global issues but a city issues at the same time it was seen around the world. The global water shortage is a worldwide, animal, and plant wide issue.

Explain how globalization contributes to or affects these ethical dilemmas.

Globalizations affects the production and consumption of items in our day to day lives, it also affects our culture and the environment. Which ties ins to climate change, pollution and our water resources.

Propose solutions to these ethical dilemmas that are feasible financially, socially, and culturally.

We have set goals to clean up sanitation and water ways however these goals are not being met and millions of people live without clean water. We should ensure that groups that do not have a voice are spoken for and provision are made to ensure that we can get water to them and the regions they live in. Create changes and strict dumping and pollution fines for companies and individual. To ensure what fresh water ways we have left stay fresh for generations to come.

Reference:

Bhargava, V. K. (2006). Introduction to global issues. In V. K. Bhargava (Ed.), Global issues for global citizens: An introduction to key development challenges,1-22. Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

The Flint water crisis: A loss of trust. (2018, June 17). Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-flint-water-crisis-a-loss-of-trust/