Respond this state opinions by 8 tonight

/in /by

This week we focused on test unity, how useful, practical and efficient is the test. Analyzing test unity, the decision theory comes into play, Statistical decision theory focuses on the investigation of decision making when uncertainty can be reduced by information acquired through experimentation. (Parmigiani,2010) with decision theory we can follow the guidelines to create the optimal cut-off score within tests, promoting a unified test. The cutoff score is defined as a (usually numerical) reference point derived as a result of a judgment and used to divide a set of data into two or more classifications, with some action to be taken or some inference to be made on the basis of these classifications. ( Cohen. Swerdlik,2018)

Classical Test Theory 

The Classic test theory or CTT is widely known and it is the aspects of a total test score made up of multiple items, this theory is based on the test takers performance and correctly marked answers. The CTT boast several advantages like the simplicity of usage, it does not require a complex understanding, large sample, or vast ability to interpret. The CTT collectively looks at groups of testers and evaluates their success rates.  Many states that limitations are found in the circle dependency of this approach with respect to the statistic and samples.

Item Response Theory

This approach focusses mainly on difficulty level, instead of correct answers on a test. Here instead of correct answers setting the parameter we see a certain level of understanding or difficulty becoming the benchmark. IRT is more theory grounded and models the probabilistic distribution of examinees’ success at the item level. As its name indicates, IRT primarily focuses on the item-level information in contrast to the CTT’s primary focus on test-level information. (Fan,1998) The advantages of the IRT is that it allows for a more comprehensive description and detailed purpose of the test. Disadvantages of IRT model is with sample sizes, the large the sample size the more accurate the evaluation, and complexity.

Between the two CTT and IRT, I would have to say that IRT is the preferred theory due to the diverse and complex ability to test fairness. Rather than an overarching formula being applied to vastly different populations, IRT allows test developers to tailor tests around the traits of the individuals being tested. IRT tests also undergo a rigorous process of developing item banks, reviews, and tests before the finished test is implemented ( Cohgen,2018) Lastly, the diverse shaping and analyzing tests help to limit test bias.

References

Cohen, R. J., & Swerdlik, M. E. (2018). Psychological testing and assessment: An introduction to tests and measurement (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Fan, X. (1998). Item response theory and classical test theory: an empirical comparison. Educational and Psychological Measurement .

Parmigiani, G. (2001). Learn more about Decision Theory. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences.

Week 6

/in /by

Part I

Complete the Sexual Development Worksheet. 

Refer to Chapter 11 of the text for help in completing   this assignment.

APA style is not required, but solid academic   writing is expected.

You are not required to submit this assignment to Turnitin.

Textbook

1. Human Sexuality in a Changing World 

Reference

Rathus, S. A., Nevid, J. S., & Fichner-Rathus, L.     (2017). Human sexuality in a changing world (10th   ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN-13: 9780134525068.

 Part II

Complete the Sexual Therapy Worksheet.

Refer to “Couples Therapy,” from     the Encyclopedia of Women’s Health (2004)   and“Marital Therapy,” from     the Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology (2004) for   help in completing this assignment.

APA style is not required, but solid academic   writing is expected.

You are not required to submit this assignment to Turnitin.

                                                                                               References

Couples Therapy 

Read “Couples Therapy,” from the Encyclopedia of Women’s Health (2004).

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Fsprwh%2Fcouples_therapy%2F0   

Marital Therapy 

Read “Marital Therapy,” from the Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology (2004).

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Festappliedpsyc%2Fmarital_therapy%2F0  

Psychology Homework (Sensory systems)

/in /by

Here are several questions designed to get you to think about how our sensory systems work. Answer each in two or three sentences each (or less; in some cases just a couple of words will do the trick).

1. What are sensory receptors? What do they do?

2. What is meant by transduction?

3. Consider visual receptors. How many types are there? Where are they located? What do they do? What is the end product of transduction in the visual receptors?

4. Consider auditory receptors. Where are they located? What do they do? What is the end product of transduction in the auditory receptors?

5. Consider taste receptors. Where are they located? What do they do? What is the end product of transduction in the taste receptors?

6. Are the sensory experiences we have from each type of energy determined by the receptors, the energy, or the brain? What evidence is there about this question (see my lectures this week)?

7. Why do we get different sensory experiences, different sensory qualia, from these different forms of energy even though, in each case, the end product of transduction is the same?

8. Radio waves, X-rays, and gamma rays, just like light, are all forms of electromagnetic radiant energy. Why do we only get sensations (sensory qualia) from light and not from these other forms of electromagnetic radiation?

9. Imagine an alien life form that has receptors that transduce radio waves (one natural source of radio waves is the sun and other stars). In the presence of radio waves, what would this alien life form experience?

10. Do smells exist in the world independent of brains and sensory systems? Do roses really possess good smell and do rotten foods or feces really possess bad smell? What adaptive functions might be served by brain circuits designed to make some things smell good, and other things smell really bad?

respond in 400 words

/in /by

I feel that the experiment was conducted ethically. Some will say the denial of release upon initial request was unethical, but all participants agreed to the trial beforehand. The participants who showed signs of distress were in fact released, and all precautions were taken to avoid critical harm. The experiment was terminated prematurely to prevent psychological and physical damage to the “prisoners” and “guards.” Situational and dispositional influences were displayed throughout the scenario. Some guards blamed their behavior on the scripts they were provided, and the traits they were attempting to replicate. The remaining guards did not try to stop the behavior due to the environment. If the experiment were conducted differently, you would get similar results. Although, certain behavior is unacceptable we tend to overlook it because it is considered normal. For example, the mistreatment that prisoners may endure on a daily basis is ignored because of their crimes, prisoner stigma, and conception that all prisoners deserve to be stripped of fundamental human rights. If you were to witness the type of treatment displayed in the experiment in a shopping mall, grocery store, or church you’d likely step in or contact the proper authorities to halt the mistreatment. In order to address the ethical concerns, the guards must be held accountable for their actions. I feel that you could still gain similar results if you implement complaint procedures. For example, real prisoners have the option to report corrections officers for misconduct or inappropriate behavior. If found guilty the officer could be reprimanded in several ways or even terminated from the current position. The psychological concepts of conformity and the power of the social situation were evident on the first day of the experiment. Although the prisoners were aware of what they signed up for they allowed themselves to be blindfolded, strip-searched, and taken into custody by real police officers without any form of resistance. These are all examples of conformity.

M7 A3 Essay coping with adversiry

/in /by

Assignment 3: Essay: Coping with Adversity

Part I:

Imagine that you are an athlete in a sport of your choice who is mired in a prolonged performance slump. Treating your slump as a type of adversity, create a hypothetical scenario that demonstrates your understanding of the stress appraisal part of the model of coping in sport presented in this module. Specifically starting with your performance slump as the environmental demand (such as stressor), provide details and examples on how you might conduct the stress appraisal and experience the perceived stress and your psycho-physiological stress state. Be sure to include details regarding your personality and motivational factors and how these would affect the stress appraisal process.

Part II:

Continue to imagine you are the same athlete in the sport you designated as being of your choice in the first essay question above. Create another hypothetical scenario that demonstrates your understanding of the coping part of the model of coping in sport. This time, provide details and examples on how you might cope with the stressor and psycho-physiological stress state that you described above. Select either a successful or unsuccessful coping outcome, and describe the coping efforts that you might employ to arrive at that outcome. Be sure to include details regarding your coping disposition/style, and list available coping resources that would impact your ability to cope with your stress and adversity. Follow APA guidelines for writing and citing sources.

Write your answers in a 2–3-page essay and present it in Microsoft Word document format. Name the file M7_A3_LastName_CopingAdversity.doc and submit it to the Submissions Area by the due date assigned.

All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.

Assignment 2 Grading CriteriaMaximum PointsDemonstrated your understanding of the stress appraisal aspect of the model of coping.8Provided details and examples for how you might conduct the stress appraisal.8Included details regarding your personality and motivational factors and how these would affect the stress appraisal process.8Demonstrated your understanding of the coping aspect of the model of coping.8Provided details and examples for how you might cope with the stressor and psycho-physiological stress state that you described above.8Described accurately the coping efforts to employ to arrive at that outcome.8Included details regarding your coping disposition/style, and listed available coping resources that would impact your ability to cope with your stress and adversity.8Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources, displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.4Total:60

Respond 3 to 5 sentences

/in /by

  In your response, compare and contrast your own approach to the subject to that of your peer. Would you adopt something your peer suggested and what you would do differently? 

 Have Privilege?COLLAPSE

The development of the concept of privilege has been lauded as a crucial advance in our understanding of oppression, in that it has focused attention upon the systematic aspects of oppression that condition our material and moral development in ways that are often drowned out by the more common focus upon explicitly held beliefs and attitudes (Capella University, n.d). Therefore, gender, class, and heterosexual privilege can all fit into this category because its concept is base of society belief and attitude. The United States history is filled with examples privileges to white people and withholds from others. A white person is born privilege than other races. They’re able to be in power and have greater access to resources than people who are minorities. The passing of laws that were created to maintain the legal separation and inequality of whites and African Americans (Plessy v. Ferguson). The term privilege applies to anywhere in the world. Education in third world countries are only offer to those who are well off. Children often dont make it past the first grade because their family needs them to work to fed the family. My children would be considered black privileged by those around us. They’re raised with two parent who are both educated with degrees and have great paying jobs. These advantages provides my children with more opportunities and more access to resources such as private schools than their low-privilege counterparts.

References

Capella University. (n.d.). Dr. Flora: Rural stereotyping/implicit bias. [Video]. Retrieved from https://www.campus.capella.edu

Monahan, M. J. (2014). The concept of privilege: A critical appraisal. South African Journal of Philosophy, 33(1), 73-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2014.892681

Assignment 2: Descriptive Essay

/in /by

Assignment 2: Descriptive Essay

This week, you will write a Descriptive Essay of 3 or more paragraphs. Include an introduction, at least one body paragraph, and a conclusion. Be sure to read this week’s lecture and Chapter 6 on “Descriptive Writing” in Ticket to Write before beginning.

By Tuesday, July 25, 2017, post your rough draft in the Discussion Area. Copy and paste your draft into the response section. Do not include an attachment. Then, by Wednesday, July 26, 2017, offer helpful comments on at least two of your classmates’ drafts.

Your goal with this essay is to paint a picture with words. By using sensory details, you can make a scene come alive for your reader. The descriptive details you choose to include (what you see, hear, taste, smell, feel, etc.) will result in a vivid reading experience.

You may continue writing about the restaurant from W1A3 for this assignment, or you may choose one of the following topics:

  • Your first car
  • Your closet
  • Your garage
  • Your attic
  • Your favorite place

If you choose to continue with the restaurant, you will want to visualize the place, the people, and the food and think of descriptive details to help the reader see it, too. 

Begin brainstorming and jotting down ideas. Then, review your notes, and ask yourself what point you want to make about the place. What is your opinion or perspective on the place you are describing? You will craft the thesis statement from that main point.

Peer Comments for the Descriptive Essay:

  1. Choose at least two essays to review. Post comments by responding to each essay.
  2. For each essay, find at least one thing you liked or felt was a strong point. Was it a descriptive detail? Why did it make the paper better for you?
  3. Make one constructive suggestion for improving the paper.
  4. Remember to be kind and to give specific examples from your classmate’s paper to explain your opinions.

Global Psychology 4

/in /by

Please select & respond to 2 of the prompts below in paragraph form. 2 POSTS = 500 WORDS IN TOTAL. Your choice of which 2 prompts.

1.  Compare and contrast an independent view of self versus an independent view of self according to Markus and Kitayama in relation to main points about self-identities and in-group/out-group relationships.

2.  Jack and Jill are best friends, but they are very different from each other. Jack thinks of himself as very interdependent. His in-group includes his mother, his best friend (Jill), and his baby brother, while his out-group includes his doctor. Jill thinks of herself as a very independent person. Her in-group includes her brother, her best friend (Jack), and her husband, while her out-group includes her coworker. Based on Markus and Kitayama’s model, draw a diagram for Jack and Jill, separately, that depicts their relationships with other people.

3.  In establishing a new tyrannical society, your tyrant, Teresa, is going to decide how people will go about performing their tasks. Teresa appears to have strong opinions about everything—except for agriculture. She does not care whether it is done in a method that requires immense strength and working with dangerous animals or one that is more laidback and only requires simple tools. She believes that this is especially irrelevant for gender relations in the future. According to Boserup’s hypothesis that gender norms tend to be preserved when societies shift from agricultural to industrial, do you agree or disagree with Teresa’s perspective—and why?

4. You are in a store with your friend Sarah, and you want to figure out whether she is motivated to strive for consistency within herself, or with others, by asking her how much she likes a stuffed animal in the store. Design a study, with her appraisal of the stuffed animal being the dependent variable. Then, graph the different patterns of results associated with whether Sarah strives for consistency within herself or with others.

5.  As a graduate student in the Department of Music, your thesis seeks to answer the question of whether a singer’s anxiety level during performance is associated with different forms of self-awareness. Design a study that would allow you to examine this question. In your response, make sure to use the appropriate terms for the different forms of self-awareness.

L W – reply to by Sunday at 10 AM

/in /by

1. encourage further dialogue and discussion
2. encourage your classmate to think about other aspects of the topic
3. ask a relevant, meaningful question to better assist with your understanding
4. compare and/or contrast your responses

 

 

Client:

The most difficult client I’ve ever worked with was a mother of 4 children, which she conceived all 4 through rape or unwanted sexual partners. She was diagnosed with depression, and social phobia. When I first met her for her assessment, she would not come out of her room. She was court ordered, and sent for any evaluation. Well I finally convinced  her to come sit at the table with me, so I could complete her assessment packet. She was running from her past, which consisted of  a long history of verbal, physical and sexual abuse. She disclosed to me that her sons had been sexually assaulted by an older male whom they lived with for more than five years. She stated how she walked in on them one night and heard the sounds coming from the room, but she simply closed the door and walked to her room. 

My Values:
In that moment I was so taken aback. As the mother of a 14 and 6 year old  daughter, I could not phantom how any mother could do this to their own child. Not once, but for 5 years. This goes against everything I value. A child is suppose to be protected, loved, and care for. Not treated like some animal or like a piece of meat. 

The Issues:
My heart was broken. I was beyond conflicted; I was baffled, heartbroken, angry, sad and shocked to the least. In that moment, I could not hear anything else she had to say . However, I knew that I could not scar this woman by forcing my thoughts and my judgment on her. I did not want this lady to turn away from help, because I was placed in a situation that was overwhelming for me  

Handling the Situation:
How I handle the situation? I got on the phone, and called my auntie who’s a LPC, and I knew who would display the same type of values and expression as I did. However, she had something I did not have and that was experience and wisdom.  What said was told was Dee that’s what she called me. As a therapist you cannot expect people to have the same understanding, and values as you. If they did they probably would not need help. That by far was the best piece of advice I have ever received. It changed my perspective on what I do , and taking by far  this journey to becoming an LPC.

Issue Facing Beginning Counselors:
The issue facing as I began this journey to becoming a counselors would be me trying not to be so judgmental. I have to realize that everyone values and views aren’t the same as mines. I would have to work on my facial expression, because a lot of time people have told me that when something is being said to me, and I don’t agree I tend to make an unpleasant face. Another issue would be dealing with demanding and aggressive clients. Being were I was raised and brought up my attitude does not handle disrespectful people, so when things like this occurs I’ll have to remember why the client is seeking counseling. I  have a lot of patient, but becoming aggressive and disrespectful is one thing I don’t tolerate to well. I’ve been known to be the most outspoken one, and not sugar coating anything. 

Reference:
Halbur, D. A., & Halbur, K. V. (2015). Developing your theoretical orientation in counseling and psychotherapy (3rd Ed..).  Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
 

respond to this by 10.00pm 150 words

/in /by

In the text of Psychological Testing and Assessment, we learned about three most common and different measures to determine the reliability of an assessment. They are the test-retest reliability, parallel and alternate forms of reliability and the internal consistency reliability. All three measures have coefficients that are interpreted differently from one another. 

The test-retest reliability coefficient is the average of two scores of the same test (Cohen, Swerdlik, & Sturman, 2018). A coefficient of =.50 is a very ow reliability. This coefficient could mean that a score of 100 was graded and a score of 0 was graded on the second test, or vise versa, averaging a 50. A coefficient of =.50 means it is unacceptable because of the great variance between tests. A test-retest would be useful in determining descriptive traits. 

The alternate forms of reliability is when two different version of a test were created (Cohen, Swerdlik, & Sturman, 2018). In order for the reliability to be high, the difficulty level must be equal to each other (Cohen, Swerdlik, & Sturman, 2018). The parallel forms and alternate forms reliability coefficient of =.82 means that the reliability is standard reliability. It is not low or not high. It could be used as a reference for good or low reliability for other tests. Alternate forms of tests would be useful to minimize plagiarizing or cheating among test takers. A source of error variance to this measure would be the variance of difficulty between versions of the tests.

The internal consistency reliability is a measure that doesn’t require different test versions or taking the same test twice (Cohen, Swerdlik, & Sturman, 2018). It measures how items on the test relate or differ from one another (Cohen, Swerdlik, & Sturman, 2018). A source of variance for this measure would be how the test was created. A coefficient of =.92 is a very high reliability and means that the items on the score are highly related to one another. This measure would be acceptable to use for tests such as rating or reviewing an item by using a scale. 

Cohen, R. J., Swerdlik, M. E., & Sturman, E. D. (2018). Psychological testing and

assessment: An introduction to tests and measurement (9th ed.). New York, NY:

McGraw Hill.

Marian Velasco