COMMENT TANA

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 I NEED A POSITIVE COMMENT BASED IN THIS ARGUMENT..BETWEEN 150-200 WORDS

 

 

The text “Called to Care a Christian Worldview for Nursing”, discusses how, as nurses, we have arrived at the point we are at now in terms of modern philosophies. “The spirit of service and compassion that once motivated nurses has evolved into a professionalism that demands power, status and appropriate compensation” (Shelly & Miller, 2006, p. 16).  This topic is the most interesting to me due to the fact that over the six short years I have been a nurse I have seen the population of nursing change.  I have been involved in a peer interview group on my unit for the past five years and have recently moved into a management position wear I actually hire employees.  I remember in the beginning of my experiences of interviewing new nurses, most had a story behind the interview question, “Why did you become a nurse?” I remember one new graduate nurse explaining that her mother and grandmother were both nurses and she aspired to be like them, caring, respected, smart, and making a difference with their work.  Another nurse explained that her husband had died of alcoholism and she watched as his nurses judged him and did not treat him with respect.  It was her goal to do better as a nurse and provide her patients with respect and the care they deserved no matter what their background.  Most recently I have seen a change in the reasons why nurses are choosing the profession.  The last interviewee discussed how the hours were great; “3 12s” and it works out great for her family life.  I have noticed an increase in the theme of the convenience nursing allows for people and less of the compassion or calling. 

The analysis of disease and healing presents interesting insight into the role of healthcare providers and spirituality. “They stand beside us, but they have not voluntarily shared our fate” (Meilaender, 2013, p. 9). The text describes the contradictory relationship between God working through doctors to treat disease and treating the disease may enable a false hope of invulnerability, therefore creating the inability to comprehend suffering.  I understand the reading to mean that there must be a balance between God (Health) and healthcare (health).  I agree with this inference for the fact that I believe that one’s mind, or relationship with God, must be as strong as the belief in the doctors to provide relief.  If one’s mind is not in the right place, the therapies will not assist in healing. “Spirituality enables the direct experience of connection between the individual and God, and can exist with or without an intermediary such as a religious institution” (Grossman, 2013, p. 1150).

 

Grossman, T. (2013, October 15, 2013). The God Within and the God Without.. Substance Use & Misuse, 48(12), 1150-1158. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/eds/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=284b34ec-b058-4422-8239-2d0af0e4ba93%40sessionmgr4008&hid=4210&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=s3h&AN=902591

comment Jamella

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 I NEED A POSITIVE COMMENT BASED IN THIS ARGUMENT. BETWEEN 150-200 WORDS

 

Statistics, graphics, and database are used in medical field to prove, or disapprove theories, analysis, and interpretation of ailments, medication, and how it impacts one’s treatment and its effectiveness. However, this data can be easily misinterpreted when and where there is a vested interest. Individual opinions are generalized mainly without considering the whole aspects of an issue, and therefore forming a biased opinion.

Data can be misguiding if the example of the case study is not done properly. A random selection without background knowledge or without specified criteria leads to misinterpretation of the data. Another cause of misinterpretation is difference in origin and association. For example, variables after another but one variable does not cause another. One of the manipulated areas in medical world is pharmacy. Pharmaceutical companies use misguided data in competitive markets. Generic medicines for same purposes are branded out and to advertise it misguiding database is used. The most important thing to be considered while interpreting or predicting an outcome of a statistical analysis is a well-balanced and well selected population. Samples is to be selected considering different aspects of the problem so that the result will not be biased. This demands the proper understanding of the statistical tools and how to select the sample population. However, the sample size should be sufficiently large enough to get into more definite conclusions to prove or disapprove such theories, and analysis of the information needed.
                                                              Reference

Ercan, I. (2007). Misusage of statistics. Retrieved from http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?gm07030

 

class 2 unit 2 comment 1

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One scientific definition of theory is “a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables, in order to explain and predict the events or situations” (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2008, p. 26). Its component is an attempt to answer a query which starts from asking a question to searching for answers. Philosophy, per Butts (2018) is “the searching for and communicating a viewpoint” (p. 95). It is critical thinking, a search for knowledge, and can be a question to a validity of a set of belief. However, a model is an intentional generalization of an occurrence or incident, which may not necessarily be exact; framework, on the other hand is an outline of that occurrence that provides lay-outs and no explanation (Nilsen, 2015, Discussion section, para 2-3).

 

Theory is an assumption that one thing is deemed factual or a reality. Its ulterior purpose is to give answers and credit them as the truth; while philosophy, as mentioned, is seeking of explanation through questioning. With philosophy, one can come up with theory. Philosophy is used to be able to question different beliefs within a field of practice. Theories are made based on a certain philosophy is. For instance, in nursing, a nurse will be able to practice based on a specific nursing theory based on her field of practice. Frameworks and models are made to conceptualize theories. A model is broader than framework as it provides an explanation to a phenomenon; framework is just an outline which is only descriptive but does not provide any explanation.

 

References

Butts, J. B. (2018). Components and levels of abstraction in nursing knowledge. In J. B. Butts & K. L. Rich (Eds.), Philosophies and theories for advanced nursing practice (3rd ed. (p. 95). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlet Learning, LLC.

Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & Viswanath, K. (2008). Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Nilsen, P. (2015). Making sense of implementation theories, models and frameworks. Retrieved from doi: 10.1186/s13012-015-0242-0

omment holly

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  I NEED A POSITIVE COMMENT BASED IN THIS ARGUMENT..BETWEEN 150-200 WORDS.

 

Bioethics is the the study of the position of ethics in a world of progressive technology and medicine.  Bioethics is built upon four main principles which include: respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice. These four main principles create principlism. (Grand Canyon University, 2015). Every bioethical decision must be viewed through the light of these four principles along with the individual details of each case presented. The answers to these four principles will also be extremely different depending on the worldview of the investigator. A Christian responding to these questions would have a different approach than a Hindu. Although these principles outline an approach to solving ethical issues in medicine are they truly unbiased? Probably not.  As a Christian, we do all things and make all decisions based on the knowledge and authority of God. I would personally, as a Christian first and a nurse second, rank the importance of each of the four principles as stated below:

1. &  2. Nonmaleficence and beneficence − Do no harm and prevent harm are very similar and both rank as my number one priority. Mark 12:30-31 states one of the greatest commandments is to love your Lord with all your heart, soul, mind, and strength. The second greatest commandment is to love your neighbor as yourself. Based on these commandments is my decision to make nonmaleficence and beneficence the priority. 

3. Respect for autonomy – Respecting the choices of a competent person.  The definition of competent is at times hard to assume and can become a great legal debate I believe it is a high priority.  I do not believe a Jehovah’s witness is making the best medical decision to refuse blood, but I do respect their spiritual views and feel they have the right to make this decision.  Just as I feel I have the right to practice my faith according to the Bible, I believe they have the same rights to deny blood based on their faith.  I do not want to have the right of autonomy jeopardized as Christians fall into the minority, and an oppressive society is a majority. It is a right of free will. God gives us all free will to choose Him or not.  In Genesis 2:16-17 He gave Adam and Eve both free will to eat from any tree in the garden of Eden except the tree of good and evil.

4. Justice- Requires resources be given fairly and that all cases be treated similarly regardless of status, race or religion of the patient.  Psalms state “Blessed are they who observe justice, who do righteousness at all times” (Psalms 106:3, English Standard Version). As a Christian and nurse, I believe this to be true. 

In the ICU I have encountered many situations where these ethical principles are not followed.  One particular case I can think of was the treatment of a “confidential, high authority” patient.  Our hospital goes out of its way to cater to these individuals.  We had a member of the house of representatives as a patient.  Extra care was given, a one to one nurse was assigned, visitor rules were ignored, and an extra bedside sitter was ordered to be in the room while the nurse was not able to in order to avoid having to put restraints on the patient. Justice was not displayed in this case as we do not do this with all of our homeless, suicide attempts, alcoholics, or drug overdose patients, but we did for this member of Congress.  

 

References

 

Grand Canyon University. (2015). Bioethics in the Christian narrative [Lecture 3]. (2015). In Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Healthcare. Retrieved from https://lc-ugrad3.gcu.edu/learningPlatform/user/users.html?operation=loggedIn#/learningPlatform/loudBooks/loudbooks.html?currentTopicname=Biomedical%20Ethics%20in%20the%20Christian%20Narrative&viewPage=current&operation=innerPage&topicMaterialId=97398c46-a5f4-4052-b68e-548d7f1928da&contentId=03c5c1df-8b1d-4f2d-8abe-897f0f09463f&

Meilaender, G. (2013). Bioethics: A primer for Christians (3rd ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. Retrieved from https://viewer.gcu.edu/UXWB22.

Reilly, D. (2006). Bioethics Chrisitanity & Medicine: A plea to relevance to daily practice. Focus, 18-20. Retrieved from http://danreilly.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Bioethics_Christianity_and_Medicine-Focus-Fall-2006.pdf

 

COMMENT MARIA

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 I NEED A POSITIVE COMMENT BASEDIN THIS ARGUMENT..BETWEEN 150-200 WORDS

 

Per Course-notes.org the sampling theory is defined as a field of statistics that is involved with the collection, analysis and interpretation of data collected from random samples of a population. In other words, if we want to study all people with schizophrenia in Arizona, how would we do it? It is nearly impossible to study all of them- or the entire population that have schizophrenia, therefore, only a small part of the population is going to be studied, this is a sample.

Generality can be defined as the research findings and conclusions from a study conducted on a sample population applied to the population at large. In other words, generalizability depends on the degree to which the sample result can represent of the population. As an example, the researcher studies a sample of people with schizophrenia from Arizona than applies the results to a larger population with schizophrenia. Or a nurse studies a sample of population who had a fall in Progressive Care Unit in the last 5 years and applies the results to the entire population admitted to PCU.

Some requirements of generality are the need to have a study sample that represents some population of interest in our case people with schizophrenia, to understand the contexts in which the studies are done and how these studies influence the results. However, it does not matter how carefully researchers are during the research, there is no absolute guarantee that the results obtained in a study will occur in every situation outside the study.

Banerjee, A. & Chaudhury, S. (2010). Statistics without tears: Populations and samples . Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 19, 60–65. doi: 10.4103/0972-6748.77642

Course-notes.com. (2017). Sampling Theory. Retrieved from http://www.course-notes.org/statistics/sampling_theory

Researcher_D

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Assignment 3: Case Study Analysis and Care Plan Creation

Click here to download and analyze the case study for this week. Create a holistic care plan for disease prevention, health promotion, and acute care of the patient in the clinical case. Your care plan should be based on current evidence and nursing standards of care.

Visit the South University Online Library and research for current scholarly evidence (no older than 5 years) to support your nursing actions. In addition, consider visiting government sites such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Healthy People 2020. Provide a detailed scientific rationale justifying the inclusion of this evidence in your plan.

Next determine the ICD-10 classification (diagnoses). The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) is the official system used in the United States to classify and assign codes to health conditions and related information.

Click here to access the codes.

You are expected to develop a comprehensive care plan based on your assessment, diagnosis, and advanced nursing interventions. Reflect on what you have learned about care plans through independent research and peer discussions, and incorporate the knowledge that you have gained into your patient’s care plan.

Format

Click here to download the care plan template to help you design a holistic patient care plan.

Your care plan should be formatted as a Microsoft Word document. Follow APA style. Your paper should be 2 pages not including the title page and references and in 12pt font.

Name your document: SU_NSG6001_W1_A3_LastName_FirstInitial.doc.

Submit your document to the W1 Assignment 3 Dropbox by Monday, January 2, 2017.

Assignment 3 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points

Subjective Data

The submission described the patient’s interpretation of current medical problem and included chief complaint, history of present illness, current medications and reason prescribed, past medical history, family history, and review of systems.
15

Objective Data

The submission included the measurements and observations obtained by the nurse practitioner, including head to toe physical examination as well as laboratory and diagnostic testing results and interpretation (especially those that pertain to the diagnosis).
15

Assessment

The submission included at least three priority diagnoses. Each diagnosis was supported by documentation in subjective and objective notes and free of essential omissions. All diagnoses were documented using acceptable terminologies and current ICD-10 codes.
15

Plan of Care

Plan included diagnostic and therapeutic (pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic) management as well as education and counseling provided. The plan was supported by evidence/guidelines, and the follow-up plans were noted.
20

APA

The submission used APA standards consistently and accurately when citing in the SOAP note and reference page. Utilized proper format with coversheet and header.
10
Total
75

 

P#4

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Hello i need a good and positive comment related with this argument .A paragraph  with no more  90 words.‘

 

Shiny Mathew 

 

1 posts

 

Re:Topic 2 DQ 1

 

In an experiment or research where it is imposable or expensive to sample the entire population, a small sample is used to conduct the research. A sampling method is the process of selecting a small group that are representative of a larger population being studied. Samples can be made in different ways. All these ways are not equally good. Most studies a random sample is used for this reason. A random sample selected in such a way that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected (Fraenkel & Wallen). A random sampling method is designed to select a representative sample by using chance selection so that biases will not systematically alter the sample (Fraenkel & Wallen). A true random sample, that is a small set of data can give insights which can be applied to a much larger group. Simple random sampling is achieved by random selection of members from the sampling frame(Grove & Cipher, 2017).

 

Example; When Joint commission come for inspection to the unit, they pick one RN to interview randomly. Every nurse who work on that floor has the same chance being selected for the interview.  

 

A sample group is used to conduct research or study there is always a chance for error because it can never fully match the entire population. It can be prevented by;

 

Researchers should strive to ensure that the sample population truly represents the total population. Statistical tests have built in checks to ensure true sample and the numbers can only be an estimate

 

commet julia aman

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 I NEED A POSITIVE COMMENT BASED IN THIS ARGUMENT…BETWEEN 150-200 WORDS

 

I am very much enjoying the author’s voice in “Bioethics: A Primer for Christians.” I am probably one of the only non-Christians in this class, so I find Meilaender’s style approachable and his explanations of the Christian religion easy to follow and understand. I appreciate the preface where he says “all are welcome and invited to listen in.” I am grateful for this opportunity to learn more about the Christian religion, as the majority of my patients in west Michigan are of this faith! I like that he points out the revisions he has made over time as science has changed over the years. I think it is important to continually examine individual beliefs and be open to changes in perspective without compromising core values and beliefs. Healthy, respectful discussions with our peers are essential in these changing times.

 

“We need not, I think, fear that seeking medical help necessarily demonstrates lack of trust or faith on our part. Rather, it indicates only that we trust God to care for us mediately – through the love and concern of others” (Meilaender, 2013). I think this is a beautiful statement on the analysis of disease and healing. God can present Himself in indirect ways, such as through the healing hands of a doctor or nurse. If a patient is struggling with a diagnosis, going to the hospital for modern treatment does not mean they do not have faith in God. Just as people rely on their church communities for emotional and spiritual support, they can come to the hospital with physical symptoms and be treated without judgment from other people. As nurses, if we try to see each patient as God sees them, no matter who they are or what they may have done in life, we truly are serving these people and their families.

 

I’ve had people I just met hug me and thank me for what I do when they find out I’m an oncology nurse. This surprised me early on in my career, but then the person would go on to tell me a story of someone close to them who had cancer. People associate us with healing, and sometimes a hug from a stranger can be just the sign someone needs that God is watching over them.

 

Meilaender, G. (2013). Bioethics: a primer for Christians. Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.

COMMENT EVE

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 I NEED A POSITIVE COMMENT BASED IN THIS ARGUMENT..BETWEEN 150-200 WORDS

 

Procreation is a biological occurrence that is endowed by our creator. Reproduction includes using scientific means to create a child or “product” such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and surrogacy. A child created bu procreation is begotten while a “product” that stems from artificial means is considered made. A child who is thus begotten, not made, embodies the union of his father and mother. They have not simply reproduced themselves, nor are they merely a cause of which the child is an effect. Rather, the power of their mutual love has given rise to another who, though different from them and equal in dignity to them, manifests in his person the love that unites them. Their love-giving has been life-giving; it is truly procreation (Meilander, 2003).

I find myself conflicted about this issue. I do not like the thought of any child being called a product and it just seems morally wrong. However, I do have my own opinions about how these alternative methods have provided people who are not married the opportunity to have children. I know that many don’t agree with my opinion but I believe that marriage should be between a man and a woman and though I do not feel anyone should be crucified or bullied for making a choice to be in a same sex relationship, I do not believe that they should be able to adopt kids or parent kids by any other means. My sister married a woman after having three kids and I talk to them about how they feel often. Mostly, they are confused by it but the oldest one holds a lot of anger. Also, I don’t believe that single people should have children. Every child should be afforded the opportunity to have both a mother and a father. I think that is important for their development.

Meilaender, G (2013). Bioethics: A primer for Christians. Retrieved from http://gcumedia.com/digital-resources/wm-b-eerdmans-publishing-co/2013/bioethics_a-primer-for-christians_ebook_3e.php

Discussion Week 4- Nurse/Patient Empowerment

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A female health professional explains health options to an elderly woman patient.Currently Reading

Week 4: Nurse/Patient Empowerment in Practice

Introduction

As a registered nurse, you have the power to influence change in patient outcomes. An important aspect of influencing change is identifying areas that need improvement. This is done primarily through measurement of data. There are several different measures to gather data within organizations as well as on a national scale. Some of these measurements include core measures, standards, best practices, evidence-based practices, and the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI). These support mechanisms have also been discussed as a means for helping nurses to deliver quality care and improve patient safety. Each measurement essentially focuses on providing care that is safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient, and equitable. 

Although there are several different measurements, NDNQI data is used in the process of attaining Magnet Recognition. Magnet Recognition is the highest honor a health care organization can receive for nursing excellence and high-quality patient care. The nurse-specific measures presented in the NDNQI help inform nursing staffs and their organizations of areas where nursing practices can be improved and where nursing practice efforts are producing positive clinical outcomes. Nurses must be directly involved in developing and implementing action plans based on the data presented by the NDNQI.

This week, you will explore the importance of nurse empowerment in effecting change and how action plans are created based on the results of the NDNQI as presented on a dashboard. You will also consider how nurses advocate for patients’ rights, even when that means supporting a patient whose personal choices may have negative health outcomes. 

Learning Objectives

Students will:
  • Evaluate strategies to empower both the nurse and the patient to improve quality of care
  • Analyze the use of National Database of Nursing Quality Indictors for nurse empowerment in practice
  • Analyze nurse empowerment in relation to use of quality improvement data for practice 
  • Analyze practice experiences for patient or nurse empowerment
  • Analyze quality improvement dashboards for nursing plans 

Note: The Assignment related to these Learning Objectives is introduced this week and submitted in Week 5.

Photo Credit: [Eva Katalin Kondoros]/[iStock / Getty Images Plus]/Getty Images

 

Learning Resources 

Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Required Readings

Brown, D. S., Aydin, C. E., & Donaldson, N. (2008). Quartile dashboards: Translating large data sets into performance improvement priorities. Journal of Healthcare Quality, 30(6), 18–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1945-1474.2008.tb01166.x

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

 

Typically, references should be within five to seven years of publication. However, this publication is considered a classical research reference pertaining to quality improvement and the use of data sets.

Cole, C., Wellard, S., & Mummery, J. (2014). Problematising autonomy and advocacy in nursing. Nursing Ethics, 21(5), 576–582. doi: 10.1177/0969733013511362

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Garrard, L., Boyle, D. K., Simon, M., Dunton, N., & Gajewski, B. (2016). Reliability and validity of the NDNQI® injury falls measure. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 38(1), 111–128. doi: 10.1177/019394591454281

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Giancarlo, C., Comparcini, D., & Simonetti, V. (2014). Workplace empowerment and nurses’ job satisfaction: A systematic literature review. Journal of Nursing Management, 22(7), 855–871. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12028

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Guglielmi, C. L., Stratton, M., Healy, G. B., Shapiro, D., Duffy, W. J., Dean, B. L., & Groah, L. K. (2014). The growing role of patient engagement: Relationship-based care in a changing health care system. AORN, 99(4), 517–528. doi: 10.1016/j.aorn.2014.02.007

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Rock, M. J., & Hoebeke, R. (2014). Informed consent: Whose duty to inform? MEDSURG Nursing, 23(3), 189–194. Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=9&sid=273f009b-d8f5-4cd8-8f01-0973c944bcf7%40sessionmgr104&hid=107

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

American Hospital Association. (2003). The patient care partnership: Understanding expectations, rights and responsibilities. Retrieved from http://www.aha.org/content/00-10/pcp_english_030730.pdf

 

Read through this document created by the American Hospital Association. This document was created for inpatient hospital stays. However, it is applicable to other practice settings as well.

Montalvo, I. (2007). The national database of nursing quality indicators. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 12(3). Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Volume122007/No3Sept07/NursingQualityIndicators.html

Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.ihi.org/Pages/default.aspx

 

The IHI offers numerous resources for improving nursing practice and patient care. Explore a variety of topics and examine some of the resources available.

National Quality Forum. (2016b). Retrieved from http://www.qualityforum.org/Home.aspx

 

The National Quality Forum (NQF) strives to improve patient safety and reduce medical errors. Explore the NQF’s endorsed standards and consider how they apply to nursing practice.

Document: Dashboard Directions (Word document)

Document: Sample Dashboard (Excel spreadsheet)

Required Media

Laureate Education. (Producer). (2009a). Topics in clinical nursing: Accountability and nursing practice [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

 

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 15 minutes.

 

 

Discussion: Nurse/Patient Empowerment 

As a nurse, you are the individual who has the ability to empower patients in the decision-making process pertaining to their health care. In addition, you are in a unique position to empower your nursing colleagues to improve job satisfaction and use performance indicator data from dashboards to effect social change. 

In this week’s Learning Resources, you examined both the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI) and the key role nurses play as advocates for patient rights. To assist nurses in being better prepared for this role, programs such as Patient Care Partnership provide guidance. 

For this Discussion, you will analyze the use of quality improvement data and discuss how this data can help empower both patients and nurses. Review the Patient Care Partnership information presented in this week’s Learning Resources. In addition, reflect on the media presentation and the information shared by Ms. Manna on patients’ rights. 

By Day 3

Respond to the following: 

  • What are the best strategies the nurse can employ to empower patients and support patients’ rights to improve quality of care? (Some considerations to keep in mind may include: providing information on effectiveness, risks, and benefits of alternative treatments.)
  • In what ways can NDNQI data from dashboards or quality improvement data be used to support nurse empowerment in practice? 
  • How has your institution empowered the nursing staff through the use of quality improvement data?
  • Provide an example of how you have personally empowered either a patient or a fellow nurse.

Support your response with references from the professional nursing literature.

Note Initial Post: A 3-paragraph (at least 250–350 words) response. Be sure to use evidence from the readings and include in-text citations. Utilize essay-level writing practice and skills, including the use of transitional material and organizational frames. Avoid quotes; paraphrase to incorporate evidence into your own writing. A reference list is required. Use the most current evidence (usually ≤ 5 years old).