I NEED A POSITIVE COMMENT BASED IN THIS ARGUMENT..BETWEEN 10-200 WORDS

 

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Holly Borkowski 

 

4 posts

 

Re:Topic 4 DQ 1

 

A researcher has the ability to control the environment of an experiment allowing less influence over dependent variables by extraneous variables. The more control a researcher exhibits, the more valid the results. The independent variable in a study produces a desired effect on a dependent variable.

 

An extraneous variable has the ability to change the relationship between the independent and dependent variable thus changing the outcome of the study. Controlling the extraneous variables is method deployed by researchers to keep the study pure, unbiased, accurate, and valid. 

 

According to Grove, Gray & Burns (2015) “Extraneous variables are of primary concern in quantitative studies because they can interfere with obtaining a clear understanding of the relational or causal dynamics within these studies” (p. 154). Extraneous variables are evident to some degree in all research. The key is to limit the extraneous variables as much as possible.

 

Examples of extraneous variables include climate, weather, sound, light, personal temperaments, traits, heritage, weight, and height. Once extraneous variables have been identified researchers can control them through; experiment location setting, acquiring informed consent, strict adherence to direction and training methods, choice of sampling employed, strict observation and measurement methods, personal interactions with subjects that do not create bias, research techniques, framework, and control group. Sampling methods used can have an enormous influence on extraneous variables.  The setting of the experiment can be partially controlled or highly controlled as in a laboratory which is where the most strict control can take place (Grove, Gray & Burns, 2015, p. 38). A random sampling of subjects to randomly assigned groups will significantly decrease the effect the extraneous variable has on the dependent variable. 

 

       Ruth Padawer’s article, The Two-Minus One Pregnancy, discusses the ever growing “reduction” procedure, or, in more crude terms, the abortion of one fetus and not of another also present at the time in the same womb. The procedure became more popular with the rise of artificial insemination; reproductive technology often lead to women conceiving multiple fetuses, not just the one sought out. The first woman Padawer interviews, Jenny, had been trying to get pregnant for a while, only to end up aborting one of her twin’s because of financial constraints. The article points out that many pro-choicers found that the idea of reduction unethical. Dr.Mark Evans, the creator of the procedure, issued out a guideline that a reduction below twins was unethical, and urged fellow physician’s not to become “technicians to our patients desires”. Many women that get a reduction are coddled by physicians telling them that carrying two babies instead of one may have health risks to both infant and mother, though Columbia’s Dr. Richard Berkowitz points out that “overwhelming majority of women carrying twins are going to be able to deliver two healthy babies”. Berkowitz goes on to argue however, that if aborting a single fetus is morally acceptable, why is aborting a paired fetus because financial, social, or economic reasons not? A study was also cited which states that there is more disruption in families with multiple infants, than families with just one. Shelby Van Voris had a difficult time finding a doctor who would ‘reduce’ two of her triplets. Voris said that her husband was deployed, and she couldn’t raise three infants on her own. It is a recurring theme between all the interviewed women that they were afraid of being unable to care for twins (or more) for whatever reason, be it because of finances, another child, or they just didn’t want twins. The doctors mentioned within the text overall seemed to acquiesce that they are the one’s with the skill to perform this act, so they do it, and that it is ultimately the mother’s choice to reduce or not.

    The author brings up her own twin pregnancy, and how she too was deathly afraid of what was to come. She wrote on that she now cannot imagine life without all of her children because they are no longer “shadowy fetuses”. This dissonance between a “person”, as Kant may have prescribed, and a fetus, seems to stake the author’s claim that the fear of the future should perhaps not reason for a need of a reduction. Despite this brief personal interlude, the author does not let in much bias when interviewing women who had undergone reductions.The author also brings up the dilemma doctor’s face when choosing which fetus to abort: does gender play a role in that decision? If they’re both equally healthy, is it up completely to chance? The main question the article props up is, is single abortion as ethical as reduction ones? The author leaves the answer up for the reader to answer for themselves. 

    Personally, I could not understand at all why these women would undergo reductions. Jenny surely should have been informed of the chance of a “mega” pregnancy. Responsibility is a fundamental to parenthood, and it does not seem as if Jenny had completely accepted this when she underwent IVF. Shelby Van Voris too seemed irresponsible to me, was she prepared to raise a single child on her own as well? Or did the idea of three simply just scare her? Can fear justify an abortion? ‘A’ is perhaps the only woman who’s reason I may be able to swallow easily, as she reduced because it was negatively affecting her health, and she had a baby to take care of, along with her also pregnant partner. This is the classic dilemma of ‘giving up a life to save a life’ where there really isn’t a right or wrong choice.

    Speciests would be completely against reduction, as they find it immoral to kill any innocent human. Marquis may perhaps agree with reduction in a case where the mother is saving the fetus from a bleak future, such as what a euthanasia patient does, despite his strict ideal of the “essence of the wrongness of killing”. Dr.Gregory’s theory would not out-rule reduction, as long as it was done before the fetus was physically sentient. Thomson would most probably be against reduction, especially if it was conceived after a contraceptive failure, although, she would be against reduction if it was for convenience, as some may argue many of these mother’s did. Brody would be for a reduction as long as it was before the fetus’s neural system was formed. 

Works Cited

Munson, Ronald, et al.” Bio-Medical Ethics: PHI 227, Northern Virginia Community College”, ELI Distance Learning. Cengage Learning, 2013. P.63-98. Print.

Padawer, Ruth. “The Two-Minus-One Pregnancy.” The New York Times Magazine, august 10. 2011, web. October 2, 2016

Here are some theories to examine

Quizlet note cards, https://quizlet.com/125478977/phi-227-exam-2-flash-cards/

I am anti-abortion on he subject.

 

 

I NEED A POSITIVE COMMENT BASED IN THIS ARGUMENT. BETWEEN 150-200 WORDS

 

My idea of a healthy community is one where there are low
crime rates and good physical and emotional health. A healthy community should
promote well-being of its inhabitants in various ways such as: strong social
networks, clean water, pollution-free air, affordable quality healthcare, and
great schools. A healthy community is one that promotes well-being by
encouraging its residents to screen for illnesses for prevention to avoid the
burden of chronic disease.  Education
campaign should be organized to sensitize people about the most common
illnesses and educate them on how to avoid them to achieve a better life.
Resident should be aware of resources available to them in their community,
allowing them to feel safe. In my opinion, there is a strong relationship
between healthy people and strong communities.

A collaborative
effort is needed to promote a healthy community.  For example, I consider my community, Delta,
British Columbia a fairly healthy community overall, compared to most. It has a
very low crime rate. Delta municipality offers very good services to the public
regarding law enforcement, recreation, maintenance of public parks, recreation
areas and centers. There is regular night patrolling of police in all areas.
Public health services are extra ordinary in my community; community health
nurses identify vulnerable people from infant to senior, do regular health
visits, follow- up regularly. Postnatal mothers and infants get very good
services from public health nurses and paediatric nurses including the
provision of lots of free resources, Families with kids get reminder mails and
phone calls from community health nurses before the immunizations are  due. 
There has been an improvement in air quality since the ban of smoking in
all public areas and tobacco free environment in schools colleges, and public
places few years ago. The community offers a number of Public Health Centers,
regional hospitals, great schools districts, public libraries, recreation
centers, fire stations, and police stations at walking distance for residents
of each community. There is also a variety of public parks, play ground and
recreation areas accessible to the general public at no cost or a small fee. I
believe in prevention and, in British Columbia and several agencies do a good
job conducting campaigns raising awareness regarding air and water pollution
throughout the year. Another excellent job is done by voluntary organizations
in the maintenance of each and every street in the community. In schools
teachers and children participate in various health programs with school nurses
and public health nurses. Some of the topics for creating awareness among
children are,

 

•Prevention of diseases through hand washing

•Protection of the environment

•Protection of heritage

•Safety

•Nutrition

 

Adolescents get health education regarding the ill effects
of smoking, alcohol, and illicit drug use. Teachers and school health nurses
offer sex education to them and provide relevant resources. In my view, these
topics are essential for children because they grow up to be responsible future
citizens who contribute positively to the family, community and nation.

 

 

 

In my view, healthy communities will have the following
components in common,

 

•Peace and order

 

•Low crime rates

 

•Good education systems

 

•Low unemployment rates

 

•Healthy public

 

•A stable ecosystem

 

•Pollution free environment including air and water.

 

•Food for everyone in the community

 

•Shelter for all people who live in the community

 

•Social justice

 

•Adequate resources for all like water, farmland, minerals,
industrial resources, plants, animals, etc.

 

•Creating awareness in people through health programs to maintain
health and wellness.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

As a result of increased awareness, many organizations
introduced a variety of health programs nationwide. For example, American
Public Health Association initiated strategies and programs that address the
social determinants of health — the social, economic, environmental and
psychological factors that influence individual and community health, to
promote healthy communities. (American Public Health Association. n .d.).

 

 

 

As a Community Health nurse, I would collaborate with
others, to identify the obstacles or barriers in the community and work to
reduce or erase them to achieve the target of 
healthy community.  I would also
network with community leaders, other public health nurses, volunteers, school
nurses to promote health programs, initiate safety strategies, promote
education, provide as many resources available for health promotion, initiate
prevention strategies, provide health education to all age groups in the
community in order to reach the goal of a healthy community.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reference

 

 

 

American Public Health Association. (n .d.). Healthy
Communities. Retrieved from : www.apha.org/topics-and-issues/healthy-communities

 

 

 

Assignment 3: Course Project: Health Promotion Proposal

Overview/Description:

The purpose of this assignment is to provide the student an opportunity to design a health promotion proposal specific to your role specialization.

Each student will write a scholarly paper that demonstrates graduate school level writing and critical analysis of existing nursing knowledge. The paper will be a minimum of 12 pages and maximum of 15 pages, using APA style.

There are multiple sections to the project. These include:

1. Identification of a specific health promotion topic, along with a well-defined target population. This will be due in Week 1.
2. Critically analyze the current literature related to this topic, which is due inWeek 2.
3. Create an intervention plan for the identified problem, which is due in Week 4.
4. Create an evaluation plan for the intervention, which is due in Week 5, along with all other project sections.

The final project is due in Week 5 and will be composed of the above sections which you will adjust weekly based upon the feedback from your facilitator. All sections will be submitted in one document. Additional explanation for each section is provided in the relevant week’s directions.

Project-Specific Criteria:

• Clearly describe the health promotion/disease prevention problem specific to the target population.
• Explain how the selected problem applies to advanced practice in the student’s role option.
• Critically analyze the current literature related to interventions that address the problem related to communities from nursing, the sciences, and humanities.
• Select an appropriate health promotion/disease prevention theoretical framework that applies to the problem.
• Design an intervention to address the problem in the selected population/setting using appropriate epidemiological, social, and environmental assessments.
• Design an evaluation plan to measure efficacy of the proposed intervention.

Choosing Your Topic

The frist step in the project is to identify a topic appropriate for a health promotion project. There are multiple areas to look for acceptable projects, such as the Health People 2020 site, The Institute of Medicine, Centers for Disease Control (CDC), National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ), and current literature in the South University library. You may also want to look at the websites for professional nursing organizations who may also have listings of health promotion priorities.

If you have any difficulty in identifying the topic, please talk to your instructor. Once you are clear on the area of interest, narrow the topic to something that is specific and measureable. For example, if you are interested in the care of the elderly, you may want to focus on a project to lessen the fall rate for the elderly.

Week 1 Project Task:

Prepare a proposal in the form of a two-page paper which describes a detailed plan for the project. By Monday, September 5, 2016, post your proposal to the W1: Assignment 3 Dropbox. The facilitator will give you feedback that may require you to revise and refine your plan.

Assignment 3 Grading Criteria	Maximum Points
Identified an appropriate goal for health promotion.	10
Developed or proposed a specific, narrow, and focused intervention to address the goal.	10
Provided an explanation of the importance of the project relative to the students’ future advanced practice role.	10
Developed a plan to identify the needed data and information for creation of the project.	10
Followed APA Guidelines	10
Total:	50

Your topic is good but your PICOT is not in correct format. Please redo your question using the template I provided in the week 1 CAT and resubmit for a grade. Please send me a note in the IF so I can reset your assignment.

P: Population/disease ( i.e. age, gender, ethnicity, with a certain disorder)

I: Intervention or Variable of Interest (exposure to a disease, risk behavior, prognostic factor)

C: Comparison: (could be a placebo or “business as usual” as in no disease, absence of risk factor, Prognostic factor B )

O: Outcome: (risk of disease, accuracy of a diagnosis, rate of occurrence of adverse outcome)

T: Time: The time it takes to demonstrate an outcome (e.g. the time it takes for the intervention to achieve an outcome or how long participants are observed).

Note: Not every question will have an intervention (as in a meaning question) or time (when it is implied in another part of the question) component.

For an intervention/therapy:

In _______(P), what is the effect of _______(I) on ______(O) compared with _______(C) within ________ (T)?

For etiology:

Are ____ (P) who have _______ (I) at ___ (Increased/decreased) risk for/of_______ (O) compared with ______ (P) with/without ______ (C) over _____ (T)?

Diagnosis or diagnostic test:

Are (is) _________ (I) more accurate in diagnosing ________ (P) compared with ______ (C) for _______ (O)?

Prevention:

For ________ (P) does the use of ______ (I) reduce the future risk of ________ (O) compared with _________ (C)?

Prognosis/Predictions

Does __________ (I) influence ________ (O) in patients who have _______ (P) over ______ (T)?

Meaning

How do ________ (P) diagnosed with _______ (I) perceive ______ (O) during _____ (T)?

Based on Melnyk B., & Fineout-Overholt E. (2010). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

 Examples of Evidence-Based PICOT Questions

1. Population: Bariatric adolescents considering or undergoing gastric bypass surgery.

Intervention: The nurse’s role as a primary member of the multidisciplinary team regarding perioperative care of the bariatric adolescent patient.

Comparison: The nurse’s role as a secondary member of the multidisciplinary team without any specialized training and is only involved in perioperative care of the bariatric adolescent patient.

Outcome: When the nurse is involved as one of the primary members in the multidisciplinary team approach, the bariatric adolescent patient has better continuity of care.

Time: perioperative including the 6 weeks post recovery.

PICOT Question: Does the bariatric adolescent patient undergoing gastric bypass have better continuity of care perioperatively and postoperatively when the nurse is a primary member of the multidisciplinary team versus when the nurse is a secondary member whose only role is in providing perioperative care and has no specialized training?

2. Intervention PICOT Question: An Intervention example: In adult patients with total hip replacements (Patient population) how effective is PCA pain medication (Intervention of interest) compared to prn IM pain medication (Comparison intervention) in controlling post operative pain (Outcome) during the perioperative and recovery time? Note: The IM pain medication would be called the control group. It would be unethical to have a control group that received NO pain medication. Many times the control group means they get “business as usual!” or the current standard of care.

3. Therapy PICOT Question: A non-intervention example: What is the duration of recovery (O) for patients with total hip replacement (P) who developed a post-operative infection (I) as opposed to those who did not (C) within the first six weeks of recovery (T)?

4.  Etiology PICOT Question: Are kids (P) who have obese adoptive parents (I) at Increased risk for obesity (O) compared with kids (P) without obese adoptive parents (C) during the ages of five and 18 (T)?

5. Diagnostic PICOT Question: Is a PKU test (I) done on two week old infants (P) more accurate in diagnosis inborn errors in metabolism (O) compared with PKU tests done at 24 hours of age (C)? Time is implied in two weeks and 24 hours old.

6. Prevention PICOT Question: In OR nurses doing a five minute scrub (P) what are the differences in the presence and types of microbes (O) found on natural polished nails and nail beds (I) and artificial nails (C) at the time of surgery (T)?

7. Prognosis/Prediction PICOT question: Does telelmonitoring blood pressure (I) in urban African Americans with hypertension (P) improve blood pressure control (O) within the six months of initiation of the medication (T)?

8. Meaning PICOT Question: How do pregnant women (P) newly diagnosed with diabetes (I) perceive reporting their blood sugar levels (O) to their healthcare providers during their pregnancy and six weeks postpartum (T)?