Assignment 2: Nursing Theory Analysis Paper

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Assignment 2: Nursing Theory Analysis Paper due date Dec/14

 (Theory of Bureaucratic Caring by Dr. Marilyn Anne Ray)

Overview/Description:

The purpose of this assignment is to describe, evaluate and discuss application of a nursing grand or mid-range theory. This assignment also provides the learner an opportunity to connect theory and research to nursing phenomena. Learners will develop an 8-10 pagepaper (excluding the title page and references) using APA style to address the elements listed below. ( References peer review less than 5 years old)

Theory/Author Name and Background

  1. Select a Grand or Mid-Range Theory that is appropriate to your practice setting.
  2. Describe the theorist’s background in detail and discuss how their experiences have impacted the theory development.
  3. Examine crucial references for the original and/or current work of the theorist and other authors writing about the selected theory.
  4. Identify the phenomenon of concern or problems addressed by the theory.

Theory Description

  1. Explain whether the theory uses deductive, inductive or retroductive reasoning. Provide evidence to support your conclusion.
  2. Describe the major concepts of the theory. How are they defined? (theoretically and/or operationally) Is the author consistent in the use of the concepts and other terms in the theory?
  3. Interpret how the concepts are defined. Implicitly or explicitly?
  4. Examine the relationships (propositions) among the major concepts.

Evaluation

  1. Identify explicit and implicit assumptions (values/beliefs) underlying the theory. On what assumptions does the theory build?
  2. Examine if the theory has a description of the four concepts of the nursing metaparadigm. If so, how are they explained in the theory? If the metapardigm is not explained, what elements do you see as relevant to the theory and why?
  3. Discuss the clarity of the theory. Did it have lucidness and consistency?

Application

  1. Examine how the theory would guide nursing actions.
  2. Describe specifically how you can use this theory in your area of nursing (Practice, Education, Informatics or Administration).

APA Style/Format

Submit your document to the W5: Assignment 2 Dropbox by Tuesday, December 14, 2016.

CRITERIA

WEIGHT

Theory/Author Name and Background:

  1. Select a Grand or Mid-Range Theory that is appropriate to your practice setting.
  2. Describe the theorist’s background in detail and discuss how their experiences have impacted the theory development.
  3. Examine crucial references for the original and/or current work of the theorist and other authors writing about the selected theory.
  4. Identify the phenomenon of concern or problems addressed by the theory.


20

20

20

20

Theory Description:

  1. Explain whether the theory uses deductive, inductive or retroductive reasoning. Provide evidence to support your conclusion.
  2. Describe the major concepts of the theory. How are they defined? (theoretically and/or operationally) Is the author consistent in the use of the concepts and other terms in the theory?
  3. Interpret how the concepts are defined. Implicitly or explicitly?
  4. Examine the relationships (propositions) among the major concepts.

15

15

15

15

Evaluation:

  1. Identify explicit and implicit assumptions (values/beliefs) underlying the theory. On what assumptions does the theory build?
  2. Examine if the theory has a description of the four concepts of the nursing metaparadigm. If so, how are they explained in the theory? If the metapardigm is not explained, what elements do you see as relevant to the theory and why?
  3. Discuss the clarity of the theory. Did it have lucidness and consistency?

15

15

15

Application:

  1. Examine how the theory would guide nursing actions.
  2. Describe specifically how you can use this theory in your area of nursing (Practice, Education, Informatics or Administration).


10

10

APA Style/Format:

Free of grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors. Citations and references are written in correct APA Style.

20

Total:
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Hello i need a Good and Positive Comment related with this argument .A paragraph  with no more  90 words.

 

Deactivated

 

Holly Borkowski 

 

1 posts

 

Re:Topic 1 DQ 1

 

According to Margaret Titler evidence-based practice (EBP) is the “conscientious and judicious use of current best evidence in conjunction with clinical expertise and patient values to guide health care decisions.” (Titler, 2008).  Best evidence includes evidence from randomized controlled trials, qualitative research, case reports, scientific principles, and expert opinion. When enough research evidence is available and random trials have been conducted then practice should be decided by the outcomes of research, clinical expertise and positive patient improvement. 

 


Examples of evidence-based practice are nurse-driven indwelling foley removal. Agency guidelines should include an indication for foley insertion along with indications for continued use.  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the leading healthcare-associated infections. The primary goal in the prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) is to insert a Foley only when medically appropriate and remove a Foley when no longer medically appropriate.  Nurse-driven protocols have been shown to improve patient care, and as nurses are continually at the patient bedside, they are more aware as to when the Foley is no longer medically necessary. Our hospital has a CAUTI assessment team that evaluates the necessity of the Foley of each patient every day and removal of the Foley by the bedside nurse without a physician order if the Foley is no longer meeting medical necessity protocols.  

 


Another example of evidence-based practice would be the use of Curos Caps to prevent central venous catheter-related infections. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) result in thousands of deaths each year and billions of dollars in added costs to the U.S. healthcare system” (Healthcare-associated Infections, 2016).A study cited by the Journal of the Association of Vascular Access reported “The implementation of the port protector cap system resulted in lower infection rates compared with an alcohol swab technique. Our results indicate that consistent use of the caps in tandem with strict compliance does influence CLABSI rates.” (Ramirez, Lee, & Welch, 2012).The use of Curos Caps (alcohol impregnated catheter hub cap) to cap off all open catheter hubs, IV line catheter hubs, and IV j-loops not in use significantly decreases CLABSI’s.  Our ICU did an audit for one month before use of Curos Caps and one month after implementation of Curos Caps. We found while not using Curos Caps the unit had 4 CLABSI infections and while using Curos Caps the unit had zero infections. The CLABSI prevention team used information from evidence based practice in addition to our own unit study and implemented Curos Caps to be used on all lines at all times.  

 


My nursing care changes daily with the studies provided by evidence based practice findings.  It is hard to teach an old dog new tricks and just becasue a nurse has been doing something for her whole career does not mean it is sound medical practice.  Evidence based practice needs to guide everything we do and when new tricks are learned they need to be implemented and adhered to in order to provide the best care to our patients and improve patient outcomes. 

 

P#1

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Hello i need a good and positive comment related with this argument .A paragraph  with no more  90 words.‘

 

 

 

 Deactivated

 

Debbieann Hylton 

 

1 posts

 

Re:Topic 1 DQ 1

 

How can graphics and/or statistics be used to misrepresent data?

 

Data Graphics and statistics can be used to misrepresented in a variety of ways. To an extreme extent as Americans we consume  alot because advertisements and peer pressure convince us to. Through persuasive numerical facts, the public tends to believe these claims to be scientifically sound. Data can be misrepresented through human error such as sampling errors which are the most common (Groves, 2004). Sampling errors occur due to a diference between the sample and population.

 

Where have you seen this done?

 

For example, the U.S. Senate’s Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations disclosed an internal Goldman Sachs email containing the results of one such due diligence report (naic).

 

According to naic, the email lists a number of serious errors uncovered by due diligence. For example:

 

“– approx 7% of the pool has material occupancy mis-representation where borrowers took out anywhere from 4 to 14 loans at a time and defaulted on all.

 

 – approx 62% of the pool has not made any payments (4% were reversed pymts/nsf [non-sufficient funds]).

 

 – approx 5% of the pool was possibly originated fraud-ulently based on the dd [due diligence] results. Main findings: possible ID theft, broker misrepresentations, straw buyer, and falsification of information in origina-tion docs.

 

 The above disparities indicate the credit characteristics of the loans were materially different from those described by the initial loan tape.

 

 

1. Dolly has seven books from the Statistics is Fun series. She plans on bringing three of the seven books with her in a road trip. How many different ways can the three books be selected? 2. Questions 2. involves the random variable x with probability

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1. Dolly has seven books from the Statistics is Fun series. She plans on bringing three of the seven books with her in a road trip. How many different ways can the three books be selected? 

 

2. Questions 2. involves the random variable x with probability distribution given below.

Show all work. Just the answer, without supporting work, will receive no credit.

x

-1

0

1

2

P(x)

0.1

0.3

0.4

0.2

 

 

 

 – Determine the expected value of x. 

– Determine the standard deviation of x. (Round the answer to two decimal places) 

 

 

3. The heights of walnut trees are normally distributed with a mean of 9 feet and a standard deviation of 3 feet.

– What is the probability that a randomly selected walnut tree is greater than 12 feet? 

– Find the 75th percentile of the walnut tree height distribution. 

– If a random sample of 36 walnut trees is selected, what is the probability that the mean height of this sample is less than 10 feet? 

 

4. A random sample of 100 light bulbs has a mean lifetime of 3000 hours. Assume that the population standard deviation of the lifetime is 500 hours. Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the mean lifetime. Show all work. Just the answer, without supporting work, will receive no credit.  

 

5. Given a sample size of 100, with sample mean 730 and sample standard deviation 100, we perform the following hypothesis test at the 0.05 level.

 H0:=750

H1: 750

– Determine the test statistic. Show all work; writing the correct test statistic, without supporting work, will receive no credit.

– Determine the critical values. Show all work; writing the correct critical value,

without supporting work, will receive no credit.

–        What is your conclusion of the test? Please explain.  

 

26. Consider the hypothesis test given by

 H0:p=0.5

H1:p<0.5

 

In a random sample of 225 subjects, the sample proportion is found to be

P(hut)=0.51.

 

–        Determine the test statistic. Show all work; writing the correct test statistic, without supporting work, will receive no credit.  

–         

– Determine the P-value for this test. Show all work; writing the correct P-value,

without supporting work, will receive no credit.

–        Is there sufficient evidence to justify the rejection of

H0 at the =0.01 level? Explain.

 

 

 7. In a study of memory recall, 5 people were given 10 minutes to memorize a list of 20 words. Each was asked to list as many of the words as he or she could remember both 1 hour and 24 hours later. The result is shown in the following table.

 

Number of words recalled

 

subject

1 hour later

2 hour later

1

14

12

2

18

15

3

11

9

4

13

12

5

12

12

 

 

Is there evidence to suggest that the mean number of words recalled after 1 hour exceeds the mean recall after 24 hours?

Assume we want to use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim.

(a) Identify the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.

(b) Determine the test statistic. Show all work; writing the correct test statistic, without supporting work, will receive no credit.

(c) Determine the critical value. Show all work; writing the correct critical value,

without supporting work, will receive no credit.

(d) Is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that the mean number of words

recalled after 1 hour exceeds the mean recall after 24 hours? Justify your conclusion.

 

Refer to the following data for Questions  8 and 9.

 

x

0

-1

3

5

y

3

-2

3

8

 

 

 8. Find an equation of the least squares regression line. Show all work; writing the correct equation, without supporting work, will receive no credit.  

 9. Based on the equation from #  8, what is the predicted value of y if x = 4? Show all work and justify your answer.  

 

10. The store sells four different types of teddy bears. The manager reports that the four types are equally popular. Suppose that a sample of 100 purchases yields observed counts 30, 24, 22, and 24 for types 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.

 

type

1

2

3

4

number

30

24

22

24

 

Assume we want to use a 0.10 significance level to test the claim that the four types are equally popular.

(a) Identify the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.

(b) Determine the test statistic. Show all work; writing the correct test statistic, without supporting work, will receive no credit.

(c) Determine the critical value. Show all work; writing the correct critical value,

without supporting work, will receive no credit.

(d) Is there sufficient evidence to support the manager’s claim that the four types are equally popular? Justify your answer.

PowerPoint

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In this Unit you have completed tutorials familiarizing you with some basic functions of Microsoft PowerPoint. For this assignment, you will gain practice using those skills by formatting a PowerPoint presentation and uploading it to this Drop Box.

*The information you place in the presentation should pertain to your assigned topic for the Comprehensive Project.  Use this assignment as an opportunity to practice and/or start the PowerPoint section of your Comprehensive Project.

To complete this assignment:

  1. Start with a new, blank, PowerPoint presentation.
  2. Apply the following formatting:
  • Add text to all slides (Each slide should have a title and at least 3 bullets of information).
  • Be sure to adhere to the 6 by 6 Rule for all slides
  • Add some Notes in the Notes pane or by using the Notes Pages view
  • Insert a Picture on at least one slide
  • Insert clip art on at least one slide
  • Insert a text box on at least one slide
  • Insert a SmartArt Graphic on at least one slide
  • Use at least 3 different layouts – please be sure that the layout fits the content on the slide
  • Apply a theme
    • Choose a standard color scheme (other than the default)
    • Choose a standard font (other than the default)
    • Choose a standard background style (other than the default)
  • Apply Transitions to all slides. Use two different transitions.
  • Apply Custom Animation to at least two slides.
  • Include a References slide for the last slide of the presentation.
  • You should have a minimum of 8 slides (this includes your Title and References slides – so 6 slides of content).
  • Your presentation should be polished, professional and complete (as if you were going to give an actual presentation with your completed PowerPoint slides).

POST#4

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Hello i need a good and positive comment related with this argument .A paragraph  with no more 100 words.

 

Idalmis Espinosa  

 

2 posts

 

Re:Topic 4 DQ 1

 

(a) What cultural considerations are important for you to remember while you interview Ms. Li?　

 

When interviewing Ms. Li, one has to clearly understand that her ethnicity is Asian America and there has been a lot of differences in culture that she has lived in the United States of America. The reason for the differences is because as a country, the United States has differences cultural norms that she has lived with during her childhood. Asians are considered conservative hence she should be given an opportunity to choose whether she would prefer a male or female practitioner. It is by giving her a conducive environment that will make her try and be more open towards the doctor who will be interviewing her. Preferably, it may be better if an Asian practitioner would be available as it would make her more open. Considering the age of the patient which is 20 years a lot of resistance is expected, and this may force the practitioner to be sagacious in the word which he or she chooses. The doctor has to take these aspects into considerations so as to ensure that the interactions will be productive and helpful to both parties (Green, 2014).

 

(b) What is the abuse assessment screen?

 

 Abuse assessment screen is aimed at detecting any abuse towards women who are pregnant. If any violation is discovered the woman is immediately referred to a counselor who in turn advises the women and encourages them. Consequently, documentation is also done for future medical records.

 

(c) If abuse is discovered, what should you do?

 

 If abuse is discovered, as a nurse you have to report it immediately. As nurses, we have a duty to report all cases of suspected abuse. Your healthcare facility likely has a policy and procedure outlining the exact steps you should take. Document exactly what you see and hear from the patient. Contact the appropriate state or county agency. Although the law varies  from state to state, nurses are legally  require to report all cases of suspected abuse to the appropriate authorities. If possible provide the injured party with information and resources. In the case of battered woman that may be the name and  number of women’s  shelter and  domestic violence hotline

 

 

 

comment wendy

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  I NEED A POSITIVE COMMENT BASED IN THIS ARGUMENT. BETWEEN 150-200 WORDS.

 

 

A very important and relevant health issue impacting numerous people around the world to include many in our country is Mental Health issues affecting trauma survivors. 

Due to current events in the world many people are becoming trauma survivors due to things like wars, conflicts, home displacements due to both wars and conflicts as well as natural disasters. Currently in the United States we are experiencing an abnormally high number of people affected by PTSD, depression and anxiety due to the wars we have participated in during this past decade. Unfortunately like most of the world we were unprepared to assist the trauma survivors from the wars and this failure on our part has led to an increase in suicides. 

Ideally both here and internationally we could begin by removing the stigma from all mental health issues as this stigma is what leads many to avoid seeking help. We also need to better screen and identify the individuals who are most likely to develop mental health issues from trauma to intervene early. Lastly, we should invest as much money and resources into the mental health field as we do into others, so that we may better understand what is going on and how to best help our patients. If every nation participated in the above it would hopefully increase the numbers of people seeking and receiving the help they need hopefully decreasing the number of suicides committed. 

 

Reference:

 

Mental health in emergencies. (2016, April). Retrieved February 14, 2017, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs383/en/

 

comment jovana

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   I NEED A POSITIVE COMMENT BASED IN THIS ARGUMENT. BETWEEN 150-200 WORDS.

 

In 2010 the Port Au Prince region of Haiti was hit by an earthquake of a 7.0 magnitude resulting in the death of approximately 200,000 people and causing an estimated damage of over 8 billion dollars. With the displacement of over  1 million people, scholars have always speculated that if the necessary nursing intervention were put in place several lives would have been saved and the predicament would not have probably been as severe as it is today (D’Antonio, & Lewenson,2010 ). Notable primary care interventions that I could have proposed include, providing education to the public regarding sanitation practices, staying in designated places during the process of evacuation, staying active and always volunteering for the sake of the Haitians affected by the earthquakes. I would also ensure that every tent or shelter is assigned an adequate number of people to avoid overcrowding and lastly educate the public on the first signs of diseases. I believe these measures should be started during the first phase up to the fifth phase. This is an immediate public health need due to the risk of wound infection and tetanus, and therefore I opine that the first phase is more appropriate than other phases.

Secondary intervention initiatives would include performing screening for mental illnesses and also physical injuries.  Secondary interventions would be necessary from the second phase up to the fifth phase. Secondary interventions would ensure that the patients’ psychological well-being is catered for since the earthquake caused traumatizing damages such as the loss of loved ones and property. The reason for its introduction in the second phase is that it would go a long way in healing the victims psychologically.

Tertiary intervention that I would propose would include, creating support groups that would allow the wounded and those with trauma to share on the strategies of living well and coping with the predicament. This is a long-lasting intervention, and therefore it should be introduced during the fourth phase of the intervention.

 

 

 

References

D’Antonio, P., & Lewenson, S. (2010). Nursing Interventions Through Time : History as Evidence. New York: Springer Pub. Co.. http://www.credoreference.com/book/spnurinv

comment tania

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  I NEED A POSITIVE COMMENT BASED IN THIS ARGUMENT. BETWEEN 150-200 WORDS

 

 

Culture refers to the set beliefs, values, norms, principles, and behaviors that define a certain community and country. In other words, culture refers to the set values that explain how different people behave based on where they come from and which communities they belong to. Moreover, culture explains the set behaviors that define different people which require them to act in a manner that will not affect the other people in the society and that will not lead to the breaking of the set rules and regulations. The primary aim of culture is to make sure that people continue to behave in a different manner from other people so as to make sure that people from different regions can be distinguished easily. My post explains the strategies of cultural competence that can be put into practice by the community health nurses. 
 

 Health is of great importance in the society based on the fact that it enables the society to be effective when it comes to providing services to the organizations that exist in their surroundings. Therefore, it is required that the community health nurses should take the time to understand how best they can meet the needs of the society. It is required that they should take the time to analyze and evaluate the best strategies that will lead to their success. Moreover, the community health nurses should make sure that they understand some of the cultures that exist in the surroundings of the business premises. 
 

 One of the best strategies that can be used by the community health nurses is the cultural accommodation. Cultural accommodation refers to the process by which organizations come up with ways and techniques to adjust their processes so as to be in a position to improve their congruency when it comes to the cultural values and norms of other groups (Rose, 2013). In other words, it is the activity by which the community health nurses take the time to appreciate other people regardless of the culture they belong. Moreover, the strategy requires the nurses to be in a position to serve the patients in the best manner possible and make sure that they respect their cultures so as not to offend them in any way. The barrier to this strategy is that it takes time for the nurses to understand how they should relate to the other people.
 

 The cultural preservation strategy requires the community health nurses to make use of the scientific cultural practices (Srivastava, 2007). The barrier to this strategy is that the scientific methods are expensive which may lead to most of the patients using other methods. The cultural re-patterning strategy that can be used by the community nurses is making sure that they modify their behaviors so as to make sure that the outcomes are advantageous. For instance, the community health nurses can advise the patients to change their eating habits so as to make sure that they positively impact their health. The barrier to this strategy is that it may take long to convince the patients which may even lead to conflicts.
 

 The other strategy that can be used by the community health nurses is the cultural brokering. The strategy can be applied by taking the time to conduct research based on how different cultures affect the people. Therefore, it will enable the nurses to be ready to deal will people from different cultures in the best manner possible.  In conclusion, it is necessary for the community health nurses to work towards maintaining a healthy society by using any strategies possible.

 

 References
Rose, P. (2013). Cultural competency for the health professional. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Srivastava, R. (2007). The healthcare professional’s guide to clinical cultural competence. Toronto: Mosby Elsevier.

 

 

 

               

 

Results from previous studies showed 79% of all high school seniors from a certain city plan to attend

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1. Results from previous studies showed 79% of all high school seniors from a certain city plan to attend college after graduation. A random sample of 200 high school seniors from this city reveals that 162 plan to attend college. Does this indicate that the percentage has increased from that of previous studies? Test at the 5% level of significance. 

State the null and alternative hypotheses.

A.H0: p ≤ .79, H1: p > .79
B.H0: p = .79, H1: p ≠ .79
C.H0: = .79, H1: > .79
D.H0: μ = .79, H1: μ > .79

2. A lab technician is tested for her consistency by taking multiple measurements of cholesterol levels from the same blood sample. The target accuracy is a variance in measurements of 1.2 or less. If the lab technician takes 16 measurements and the variance of the measurements in the sample is 2.2, does this provide enough evidence to reject the claim that the lab technician’s accuracy is within the target accuracy?

Compute the value of the appropriate test statistic.

A.Chi-sq = 27.50
B.z = 1.65
C.t = 27.50
D. = 30.58

3. A lab technician is tested for her consistency by taking multiple measurements of cholesterol levels from the same blood sample. The target accuracy is a variance in measurements of 1.2 or less. If the lab technician takes 16 measurements and the variance of the measurements in the sample is 2.2, does this provide enough evidence to reject the claim that the lab technician’s accuracy is within the target accuracy?

State the null and alternative hypotheses. 

A.H0: σ2 ≠ 1.2, H1: σ2 = 1.2
B.H0: σ2 < 1.2, H1: σ2 ≠ 1.2
C.H0: σ2 ≤ 1.2, H1: σ2 > 1.2
D.H0: σ2 ≥ 1.2, H1: σ2 ≠ 1.2

4. Results from previous studies showed 79% of all high school seniors from a certain city plan to attend college after graduation. A random sample of 200 high school seniors from this city reveals that 162 plan to attend college. Does this indicate that the percentage has increased from that of previous studies? Test at the 5% level of significance.

What is the p-value associated with your test of hypothesis?

A.0.2437
B.0.6874
C.0.7563
D.0.4874

5. 
The CEO of a software company is committed to expanding the proportion of highly qualified women in the organization’s staff of salespersons. He believes that the proportion of women in similar sales positions across the country is less than 45%. Hoping to find support for his belief, he directs you to test 

H0: p ≥ .45 vs H1: p < .45.

In doing so, you collect a random sample of 50 salespersons employed by his company, which is thought to be representative of sales staffs of competing organizations in the industry. The collected random sample of size 50 showed that only 18 were women.

Compute the test value that you would use in conducting this test. Place your answer, rounded to 3 decimal places, in the blank. For example, -2.345 would be a legitimate entry. 

5. The ABC battery company claims that their batteries last at least 100 hours, on average. Your experience with their batteries has been somewhat different, so you decide to conduct a test to see if the company’s claim is true. You believe that the mean life is actually less than the 100 hours the company claims. You decide to collect data on the average battery life (in hours) of a random sample of n = 20 batteries. Some of the information related to the hypothesis test is presented below. 

Test of H0: >= 100 versus H1: < 100 
Sample mean 98.5 
Std error of mean 0.777 

Assuming the life length of batteries is normally distributed, what is the p-value associated with this test? Place your answer, rounded to 3 decimal places in the blank. For example, 0.0234 would be a legitimate entry. 

6. A medical doctor wishes to test the claim that the standard deviation of the systolic blood pressure of deep sea divers is less than 450. To do so, she selected a random sample of 20 divers and found s = 432. 

Assuming that the systolic blood pressures of deep sea divers are normally distributed, if the doctor wanted to test her research hypothesis at the .01 level of significance, what is the critical value? 

Place your answer, rounded to 3 decimal places, in the blank. For example, 4.567 would be a legitimate entry.

7. Suppose a firm that produces light bulbs wants to know whether it can say that its light bulbs typically last more than 1500 hours. Hoping to find support for their claim, the firm collects a random sample of n = 25 light bulbs and records the lifetime (in hours) of each bulb. The information related to the hypothesis test is presented below. 

Test of H0: ≤ 1500 versus H1: > 1500 
Sample mean 1509.5 
Std error of mean 4.854

Assuming the life length of this type of lightbulb is normally distributed, if you wish to conduct this test using a .05 level of significance, what is the critical value that you should use? Place your answer, rounded to 3 decimal places in the blank. For example, 1.234 would be a legitimate entry.