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Abstract

This article describes the development of the criminal justice system in the United States. Specifically, you will learn how each of the three areas of the criminal justice system (police, courts, and corrections) developed into the institutions they are today. a society without any formalized rules or laws to guide behavior and protect us from criminal activity, that is exactly what it was like for early Americans during the colonial period. It was a time where Americans were figuring out how to coexist in this new land. Over the years, Americans have developed mechanisms that institute and enforce the rules of society as well as assign responsibility and punish offenders. Today, those functions are carried out by the police, the courts and corrections. The early beginnings of the criminal justice system in the United States lacked this structure. . Some of the methods used are fingerprint analysis, DNA databases, ballistics testing, tire tread analysis, tracking of illegal pornographic images.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Introduction

Technologies in Criminal Justice

Working in criminal justice today means having the opportunity to utilize robots, GPS systems, advanced cameras and high-powered computer systems. These important technologies have improved investigation, surveillance and analysis procedures – so long as they are backed by the skill set and intelligence to properly use them (Murphy, 2007).Every aspect of law enforcement has a computer program associated with the job, from DNA testing to robotic cameras to automatic license plate recognition systems – just to name a few. The number of electronics now available to make criminal justice jobs more effective is rapidly growing. Of course, criminals also utilize these technologies, so professionals in the industry have to remain one step ahead in technology to combat illicit usage.

Policing

The first contact a defendant has with the criminal justice system is usually with the police (or law enforcement) who investigate the suspected wrongdoing and make an arrest, but if the suspect is dangerous to the whole nation, a national level law enforcement agency is addressed (Ismaili, 2010). When warranted, law enforcement agencies or police officers are empowered to use force and other forms of legal coercion and means to effect public and social order. The term is most commonly associated with police departments of a state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility.

In order to assess the impact of criminal identification databases on criminal justice systems, it is first necessary to have some understanding of why biometric criminal identification databases were built in the first place. Contrary to the popular image of fingerprinting as tool for forensic investigation, fingerprint identification was developed for purposes of criminal record keeping, rather than forensics. Specifically, fingerprinting was developed in order to facilitate the storage and retrieval of criminal histories by the state.

Information Technology and the Criminal Justice System suggests that information technology in criminal justice will continue to challenge us to think about how we turn information into knowledge, who can use that knowledge, and for what purposes. Investigators examine what has been learned from past experiences, what the current state of IT is in various components of the criminal justice system and what challenges lie ahead. According to Garside, the purpose of the Criminal Justice System is to deliver justice for all, by convicting and punishing the guilty and helping them to stop offending, while protecting the innocent.

Different models have been devised that attempt to conceptualize the particular features of the justice system that identify principles and characteristics. CrimeControl and Due Process models has been Identified as two of the most enduring models which offer explanations as to how agencies and policies may be shaped and they can usefully be viewed as opposite ends of a continuum since they present contrasting rationale and characteristics.

Due Process

This model incorporates ideas inherent in the rule of law and emphasizes the rights of the defendant through the principles of the presumption of innocence, the defendant’s right to a fair trial, equality before the law and that justice should be seen to be done. Due process can be perceived as an ‘obstacle course’ in that the rights of defendants are emphasized and impediments placed in the way that criminal justice agencies are allowed to operate. The protection given to defendants is to ensure that the innocent are acquitted and only the guilty are convicted and punished.

Crime Control

As the name suggests, this model emphasizes the role of the criminal justice system in reducing and preventing crime by way of prosecuting and punishing those who are guilty of criminal offences. It also accentuates the importance for the justice system of protecting and serving the public through crime reduction. Crime control ‘values’ include the notion that that those thought to be guilty may be pursued regardless of the rules that may be in place for protecting the rights of suspects. In this sense it can be viewed as a ‘conveyer belt’, with the conviction of the innocent tolerated because the ultimate goal of convicting the guilty overrides civil liberties. Fear of crime and demand for swift justice can lead to an increase in ‘crime control’ measures. Recent examples can be seen in the introduction of ‘bad character’ and previous convictions information for the Courts, the removal of the ‘double jeopardy’ rule and the right to hold suspects without charge in the anti-terrorism legislation.

Police are primarily concerned with keeping the peace and enforcing criminal law based on their particular mission and jurisdiction. Formed in 1908, the Federal Bureau of Investigation began as an entity which could investigate and enforce specific federal laws as an investigative and law enforcement agency in the United States; this, however, has constituted only a small portion of overall policing activity.[11] Policing has included an array of activities in different contexts, but the predominant ones are concerned with order maintenance and the provision of services.[12] During modern times, such endeavors contribute toward fulfilling a shared mission among law enforcement organizations with respect to the traditional policing mission of deterring crime and maintaining societal order.

 

 

DNA databases

 DNA database ordatabank is a database of DNA profiles. A DNA database can be used in the analysis of genetic diseases, genetic fingerprinting for criminology, or genetic genealogy. DNA databases may be public or private, but the largest ones are national DNA databases. When a match is made from a national DNA database to link a crime scene to an offender who has provided a DNA sample to a database that link is often referred to as a cold hit (Ismaili, 2010). A cold hit is of value in referring the police agency to a specific suspect but is of less evidential value than a DNA match made from outside the DNA database.

Ballistics testing

 Refers to a set of forensic techniques that rely on marks that firearms leave on bullets to match a bullet to the gun it was fired with. It is a subset of forensic ballistics (the application of ballistics to legal questions) and internal ballistics (Burns, 2006). Ballistic fingerprinting techniques are based on the principle that all firearms have inevitable variations due to marks left by the machining process, leaving shallow impressions in the metal which are rarely completely polished out (Neubauer & Fradella, 2013).

Conclusion

Lie detectors are referred to as deception detection, uses questioning techniques along with technology that record physiological functions to ascertain truth and falsehood in response. It is commonly used by law enforcement and has historically been an inexact science. There is a wide variety of technologies available for this purpose. A gun control law is defined by a number of federal statutes in the United States of America. These laws regulate the manufacture, trade, possession, transfer, record keeping, transport, and destruction of firearms, ammunition, and firearms accessories (Bean, 2002). They are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). Over the years, Americans have developed mechanisms that institute and enforce the rules of society as well as assign responsibility and punish offenders. Today, those functions are carried out by the police, the courts and corrections. The early beginnings of the criminal justice system in the United States lacked this structure. . Some of the methods used are fingerprint analysis, DNA databases, ballistics testing, tire tread analysis, tracking of illegal pornographic images. The main purpose of the Criminal Justice System is to deliver justice for all, by convicting and punishing the guilty and helping them to stop offending, while protecting the innocent.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Bean, P. (2002). Technology and criminal justice. International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, 13(3), 365-371.

Burns, R, G. (2006).The Criminal Justice system. Florida: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Ismaili, K. (2010)U.S.Criminal Justice Policy: A Contemporary Reader. United States. US. Jones & Bartlett Learning

Murphy, E. (2007). The new forensics: Criminal justice, false certainty, and the second generation of scientific evidence. California Law Review, 721-797.

Neubauer, D and Fradella, H. (2013). America’s Courts and the Criminal Justice System. United States. US. Cengage learning.

 

 

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Urban community

Name

Course

Instructor

Date

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

           

 Power is the production of causal effects within the society and being in possession of control and influence over others. The transformation of the society as resulted in a situation whereby political power is no longer in the hands of a small number of people within the society. People’s ability to vote democratically has profoundly influenced by the political state of their nations and those who are to be in power (Dahl, 2007). This paper focuses on the overall analysis of urban community power by Robert Dahl.

            Robert Dahl’s work presents a state of pluralism within the political structure. There is a dispersion of power due to the involvement of some groups and their interest to compete for the political positions. However, their performance in these political positions is under scrutiny by the society that voted them into power (Dahl, 2007). The need for the participants to compete for their effort to be recognized is further increased by the educated societies who are self-conscious concerning the political state of its nations. Therefore, the society’s influence and knowledge lead to the development of a democratic nation. The people’s opinion is what is taken into consideration by those in power.

Dahl presents the United States as one the nation that has diversified politically due to the influence of the society. Moreover, he further observes the development of other nations such as New Athens, which changed to pluralism form oligarchy, which is the effect of revolution on the political structure of the nation. The revolution is an important aspect in highlighting the economic difference between the society, whereby in the previous political system, there was increasing inequality of its political resources (Scott, 2012).

 

            The American political system have experienced have experienced significant transformation over time. The governance challenges which previously affected the American citizens were unequal decision making process by those in political position. The decision making were initially unevenly distributed. There was resentment and frustration among the citizens, while the Negroes went through slavery and oppression from the government in power.

            Many different leaders have replaced the domination by one set of cohesive leaders. The change was a step towards the achievement of democracy and consequently equal distribution of political resources, and, therefore, resulting in social stratification. Those in leadership positions are therefore seen to make a decision based on the influence of their constituents, who mainly comprise the community that they govern. It is, therefore, the preference of the community that is taken into consideration while the political leaders are making decisions (Scott, 2012).    

Dahl further highlights in the political system of New Athens as majorly influenced by a small stratum of individuals. These people, therefore, influence significantly on various political thoughts made by their leaders unlike the rest of the population. They are categorized as to live in a political subculture. Moreover, widespread of education to the society and the training on civic attitudes has significantly influenced by the mode of governance exhibited by the leaders to the society (Dahl, 2007). The elite leaders do not therefore solely makes decisions, but take into consideration the societies perspective view. In this regard, Dahl’s analysis presents power as both stratified as well as differentiated.          

The community has significance contribution to governance through their daily involvement. They influence on decision making as well as persons to hold political positions in their constituencies. This support on Dahl’s analysis regarding urban community power, which can be observed as to be stratified as well as differentiated by how those in power and the society coordinate in the process of ensuring effective governance as realized by the transformation in the US government. The influence of the people is therefore realized during elections, this is observable from the United States Michigan elections, those in power can be replaced if there is no observable effectiveness.   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reference

Dahl, R. (2007). From Who Governs? and from. New York: university press.

 

Scott, J. (2012). Power, Domination and Stratification. Chicago: Printing press.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

QUESTION 1 1. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Find the ending balance in the account register. $4271.87 $4664.14 $3803.25 $5118.87 10 points QUESTION 2 1. Choose the one alternative that

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QUESTION 1

1.Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Find the ending balance in the account register.

 

 

$4271.87

$4664.14

$3803.25

$5118.87

10 points   

QUESTION 2

1.Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Find the ending balance in the account register.

 

 

$1296.56

$2590.32

$1583.07

$2012.04

10 points   

QUESTION 3

1.Reconcile the bank statement with the check register balance. Find the current balance.

 

 

$601.87

$596.00

$1193.94

$590.13

10 points   

QUESTION 4

1.Reconcile the bank statement with the check register balance. Find the current balance.

 

 

$2374.39

$2375.44

$2373.34

$2394.64

10 points   

QUESTION 5

1.Solve the problem.

Find the trade discount on a bicycle that lists for $80.95 if a discount rate of 15% is offered. Round to the nearest cent.

 

$11.64

$12.14

$68.81

$68.31

10 points   

QUESTION 6

1.Solve the problem.

Find the net price of a bicycle that lists for $82.95 if a discount rate of 15% is offered. Round to the nearest cent.

 

$70.51

$12.69

$12.44

$70.76

10 points   

QUESTION 7

1.Solve the problem.

Calculate the trade discount for 3 chairs if the unit price is $39 and a single trade discount of 6.25% is allowed. Round to the nearest cent.

 

$73.13

$7.31

$41.44

$2.44

10 points   

QUESTION 8

1.Solve the problem. Round to the nearest cent.

The list price of a keyboard is $788. If the trade discount series offered is 10/30/20, find the net price by using the net decimal equivalent.

 

$315.20

$472.80

$397.15

$390.85

10 points   

QUESTION 9

1.Solve the problem. Round to the nearest cent.

The list price of a car is $8760. It is available at either a 10/20/5 or a 35/30 trade discount series. Which trade discount series gives the better deal? By how much?

 

10/20/5, $2006.04

10/20/5, $2628.00

35/30, $2628.00

35/30, $2006.04

10 points   

QUESTION 10

1.Solve the problem. Round to the nearest cent or tenth of a percent.

Original price $1489.00; markdown $163.79. Find the reduced price and the rate of the markdown.

 

•Reduced (new) price = $163.79

•Rate of markdown = 89%

 

•Reduced (new) price = $1652.79

•Rate of markdown = 11%

 

•Reduced (new) price = $1325.21

•Rate of markdown = 89%

 

•Reduced (new) price = $1325.21

•Rate of markdown = 11%

 

10 points   

QUESTION 11

1.Solve the problem. Round to the nearest cent or tenth of a percent.

Reduced price = $22.21; markdown rate = 35%. Find the original price and the markdown amount.

 

•Original price = $14.44

•Markdown amount = $7.77

 

•Original price = $34.17

•Markdown amount = $11.96

 

 

QUESTION 12

1.Solve the problem. Round to the nearest cent or tenth of a percent.

An item sells for $524.00 and is reduced to sell for $440.16. Find the markdown amount and the rate of markdown.

 

•Markdown amount = $83.84

•Rate of markdown = 16%

 

•Markdown amount = $83.84

•Rate of markdown = 84%

 

•Markdown amount = $70.43

•Rate of markdown = 16%

 

•Markdown amount = $369.73

•Rate of markdown = 84%

 

10 points   

QUESTION 13

1.Solve the problem.

 

Ann Preston is married, has a gross weekly salary of $543.74 (all of which is taxable), and the number of withholding allowances she claims is 1. Use the tax tables to find the federal tax withholding to be deducted from her weekly salary.

 

$32 

$33 

$31 

$30 

10 points   

QUESTION 14

1.Solve the problem.

Mai earns a gross weekly income of $464.00. How much Social Security tax should be withheld the first week of the year? How much Medicare tax should be withheld? Assume a 4.2% FICA rate and a 1.45% Medicare rate. Round to the nearest cent.

 

•Social Security tax = $1.95

•Medicare tax = $0.67

 

•Social Security tax = $20.49

•Medicare tax = $7.73

 

•Social Security tax = $194.90

•Medicare tax = $67.28

 

•Social Security tax = $19.49

•Medicare tax = $6.73

 

10 points   

QUESTION 15

1.Solve the problem.

Find the interest paid on a loan of $2000 for 1 year at a simple interest rate of 7% per year.

 

$2140.00

$160.00

$140.00 

$14.00 

10 points   

QUESTION 16

1.Solve the problem.

Find the interest paid on a loan of $3946 for 5 months at a simple interest rate of 12% per year.

 

$198.96

$157.84

$236.76

$197.30 

10 points   

QUESTION 17

1.Solve the problem.

How much interest will have to be paid on a loan of $10,138 for 7 months at a simple interest rate of 13.3% per year?

 

$793.15

$898.90

$674.18

$786.54 

10 points   

QUESTION 18

1.Solve the problem.

Find the installment price of a table bought on the installment plan with a down payment of $30 and 6 payments of $51.12.

 

$336.72

$30

$306.72

$366.72 

10 points   

QUESTION 19

1.Solve the problem.

Find the amount financed on a TV with a cash price $430.00 and a down payment of $86.00.

 

$86.00

$429.80

$344.00

$430.00

10 points   

QUESTION 20

1.Solve the problem.

Find the amount financed if a $25 down payment is made on a camera with a cash price of $260.

 

$260

$235

$315.86

$25

10 points   

QUESTION 21

1.Use the table to find the future value. Round to the nearest cent.

 

$15,000 at 1% compounded annually for 3 years

 

$15,301.50

$15,454.50

$15,450.00

$15,300.00

10 points   

QUESTION 22

1.Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Solve the problem.

For the month ending June 30, TriCounty Nursery has net sales of $251,000, cost of goods sold of $99,000, and operating expenses of $70,000. Find the gross profit and net income.

 

gross profit: $82,000; net income: $152,000

1.

gross profit: $152,000; net income: $82,000

gross profit: $152,000; net income: $29,000  

gross profit: $72,100; net income: $29,000

10 points   

QUESTION 23

1.Find the sales tax and total sale. Round to the nearest cent.

Item Marked PriceSales Tax Rate

$28.836%

2.$1.44; $30.27

$1.73; $30.56

$17.30; $46.13

$2.02; $30.85

10 points   

QUESTION 24

1.Find the sales tax and total sale. Round to the nearest cent.

Item Marked PriceSales Tax Rate

$978.086%

2.$48.90; $1026.98

$68.47; $1046.55

$586.80; $1564.88

$58.68; $1036.76

10 points   

QUESTION 25

1.Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Solve the problem. Round dollar amounts to the nearest dollar.

Use the straight-line method to complete the depreciation table for a combine harvester that costs $4300, has a salvage value of $300, and has an estimated life of 5 years.

— Font family —- Font size —

 

 

 

— Format –HeadingSub Heading 1Sub Heading 2ParagraphFormatted Code– Font family –Andale MonoArialArial BlackBook AntiquaComic Sans MSCourier NewGeorgiaHelveticaImpactSymbolTahomaTerminalTimes New RomanTrebuchet MSVerdanaWebdingsWingdings– Font size –1 (8pt)2 (10pt)3 (12pt)4 (14pt)5 (18pt)6 (24pt)7 (36pt)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

33 questions

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Managerial Finance – Problem Review Set – Time Value of Money

 

1.)

 

Suppose an investor plans to invest a given sum of money.  She can earn an effective annual rate of 5% on Security A, while Security B will provide an effective annual rate of 12%.  Within 11 years’ time, the compounded value of Security B will be more than twice the compounded value of Security A.  (Ignore risk, and assume that compounding occurs annually.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

True

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

False

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
                   

 

2.)

 

The present value of a future sum decreases as either the discount rate or the number of periods per year increases.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

True

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

False

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.)

 

When a loan is amortized, a relatively high percentage of the payment goes to reduce the outstanding principal in the early years, and the principal repayment’s percentage declines in the loan’s later years.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

True

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

False

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
                   

 

4.)

 

Midway through the life of an amortized loan, the percentage of the payment that represents interest is equal to the percentage that represents principal repayment.  This is true regardless of the original life of the loan.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

True

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

False

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
                   

 

5.)

 

You are analyzing the value of a potential investment by calculating the sum of the present values of its expected cash flows.  Which of the following would lower the calculated value of the investment?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

The cash flows are in the form of a deferred annuity, and they total to $100,000.  You learn that the annuity lasts for only 5 rather than 10 years, hence that each payment is for $20,000 rather than for $10,000.

b.

The discount rate increases.

c.

The riskiness of the investment’s cash flows decreases.

d.

The total amount of cash flows remains the same, but more of the cash flows are received in the earlier years and less are received in the later years.

e.

The discount rate decreases.
                   

6.)

 

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

If you have a series of cash flows, all of which are positive, you can solve for I, where the solution value of I causes the PV of the cash flows to equal the cash flow at Time 0.

b.

If you have a series of cash flows, and CF0 is negative but all of the other CFs are positive, you can solve for I, but only if the sum of the undiscounted cash flows exceeds the cost.

c.

To solve for I, one must identify the value of I that causes the PV of the positive CFs to equal the absolute value of the PV of the negative CFs.  This is, essentially, a trial-and-error procedure that is easy with a computer or financial calculator but quite difficult otherwise.

d.

If you solve for I and get a negative number, then you must have made a mistake.

e.

If CF0 is positive and all the other CFs are negative, then you cannot solve for I.
                   

 

7.)

 

Which of the following bank accounts has the highest effective annual return?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

An account that pays 8% nominal interest with monthly compounding.

b.

An account that pays 8% nominal interest with annual compounding.

c.

An account that pays 7% nominal interest with daily (365-day) compounding.

d.

An account that pays 7% nominal interest with monthly compounding.

e.

An account that pays 8% nominal interest with daily (365-day) compounding.
                   

 

8.)

 

A $50,000 loan is to be amortized over 7 years, with annual end-of-year payments.  Which of these statements is CORRECT?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

The annual payments would be larger if the interest rate were lower.

b.

If the loan were amortized over 10 years rather than 7 years, and if the interest rate were the same in either case, the first payment would include more dollars of interest under the 7-year amortization plan.

c.

The proportion of each payment that represents interest as opposed to repayment of principal would be lower if the interest rate were lower.

d.

The last payment would have a higher proportion of interest than the first payment.

e.

The proportion of interest versus principal repayment would be the same for each of the 7 payments.
                   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9.)

 

Which of the following statements regarding a 30-year monthly payment amortized mortgage with a nominal interest rate of 10% is CORRECT?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

The monthly payments will decline over time.

b.

A smaller proportion of the last monthly payment will be interest, and a larger proportion will be principal, than for the first monthly payment.

c.

The total dollar amount of principal being paid off each month gets smaller as the loan approaches maturity.

d.

The amount representing interest in the first payment would be higher if the nominal interest rate were 7% rather than 10%.

e.

Exactly 10% of the first monthly payment represents interest.
                   

 

10.)

 

Which of the following statements is CORRECT, assuming positive interest rates and other things held constant?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

A 5-year, $250 annuity due will have a lower present value than a similar ordinary annuity.

b.

A 30-year, $150,000 amortized mortgage will have larger monthly payments than an otherwise similar 20-year mortgage.

c.

A typical investment’s nominal interest rate will always be equal to or less than its effective annual rate.

d.

If an investment pays 10% interest, compounded annually, its effective annual rate will be less than 10%.

e.

Banks A and B offer the same nominal annual rate of interest, but A pays interest quarterly and B pays semiannually.  Deposits in Bank B will have the higher future value if you leave the funds on deposit.
                   

 

11.)

 

You are considering two equally risky annuities, each of which pays $5,000 per year for 10 years.  Investment ORD is an ordinary (or deferred) annuity, while Investment DUE is an annuity due.  Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

The present value of ORD must exceed the present value of DUE, but the future value of ORD may be less than the future value of DUE.

b.

The present value of DUE exceeds the present value of ORD, while the future value of DUE is less than the future value of ORD.

c.

The present value of ORD exceeds the present value of DUE, and the future value of ORD also exceeds the future value of DUE.

d.

The present value of DUE exceeds the present value of ORD, and the future value of DUE also exceeds the future value of ORD.

e.

If the going rate of interest decreases, say from 10% to 0%, the difference between the present value of ORD and the present value of DUE would remain constant.
                   

 

 

 

 

 

 

12.)

 

You plan to invest some money in a bank account.  Which of the following banks provides you with the highest effective rate of interest?

 

a.

Bank 1; 6.1% with annual compounding.

b.

Bank 2; 6.0% with monthly compounding.

c.

Bank 3; 6.0% with annual compounding.

d.

Bank 4; 6.0% with quarterly compounding.

e.

Bank 5; 6.0% with daily (365-day) compounding.

 

13.)

 

Last year Toto Corporation’s sales were $225 million.  If sales grow at 6% per year, how large (in millions) will they be 5 years later?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

$271.74

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

$286.05

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

$301.10

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

$316.16

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

$331.96

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

14.)

 

Suppose a U.S. government bond promises to pay $1,000 five years from now.  If the going interest rate on 5-year government bonds is 5.5%, how much is the bond worth today?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

$765.13

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

$803.39

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

$843.56

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

$885.74

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

$930.03

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

15.)

 

Suppose the U.S. Treasury offers to sell you a bond for $747.25.  No payments will be made until the bond matures 5 years from now, at which time it will be redeemed for $1,000.  What interest rate would you earn if you bought this bond at the offer price?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

4.37%

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

4.86%

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

5.40%

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

6.00%

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

6.60%

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

16.)

 

Ten years ago, Levin Inc. earned $0.50 per share.  Its earnings this year were $2.20.  What was the growth rate in Levin’s earnings per share (EPS) over the 10-year period?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

15.17%

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

15.97%

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

16.77%

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

17.61%

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

18.49%

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

17.)

 

You have a chance to buy an annuity that pays $1,200 at the end of each year for 3 years.  You could earn 5.5% on your money in other investments with equal risk.  What is the most you should pay for the annuity?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

$2,636.98

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

$2,775.77

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

$2,921.86

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

$3,075.64

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

$3,237.52

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

18.)

 

You own an oil well that will pay you $30,000 per year for 10 years, with the first payment being made today.  If you think a fair return on the well is 8.5%, how much should you ask for if you decide to sell it?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

$202,893

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

$213,572

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

$224,250

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

$235,463

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

$247,236

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

19.)

 

What’s the present value of a 4-year ordinary annuity of $2,250 per year plus an additional $3,000 at the end of Year 4 if the interest rate is 5%?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

$8,508.74

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

$8,956.56

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

$9,427.96

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

$9,924.17

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

$10,446.50

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20.)

 

An investment promises the following cash flow stream:  $750 at Time 0; $2,450 at the end of Year 1 (or at t = 1); $3,175 at the end of Year 2; and $4,400 at the end of Year 3.  At a discount rate of 8.0%, what is the present value of the cash flow stream?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

$7,916.51

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

$8,333.17

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

$8,771.76

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

$9,233.43

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

$9,695.10

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

21.)

 

What’s the future value of $1,500 after 5 years if the appropriate interest rate is 6%, compounded semiannually?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

$1,819.33

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

$1,915.08

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

$2,015.87

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

$2,116.67

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

$2,222.50

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

22.)

 

Your uncle has $300,000 invested at 7.5%, and he now wants to retire.  He wants to withdraw $35,000 at the end of each year, beginning at the end of this year.  He also wants to have $25,000 left to give you when he ceases to withdraw funds from the account.  For how many years can he make the $35,000 withdrawals and still have $25,000 left in the end?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

14.21

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

14.96

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

15.71

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

16.49

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

17.32

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

23.)

 

You agree to make 24 deposits of $500 at the beginning of each month into a bank account.  At the end of the 24th month, you will have $13,000 in your account.  If the bank compounds interest monthly, what nominal annual interest rate will you be earning?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

7.62%

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

8.00%

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

8.40%

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

8.82%

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

9.26%

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

 

 

 

24.)

 

An investment costs $1,000 (CF at t = 0) and is expected to produce cash flows of $75 at the end of each of the next 5 years, then an additional lump sum payment of $1,000 at the end of the 5th year.  What is the expected rate of return on this investment?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

6.77%

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

7.13%

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

7.50%

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

7.88%

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

8.27%

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

25.)

 

What’s the future value of $1,500 after 5 years if the appropriate interest rate is 6%, compounded monthly?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

$1,922.11

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

$2,023.28

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

$2,124.44

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

$2,230.66

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

$2,342.19

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

26.)

 

East Coast Bank offers to lend you $25,000 at a nominal rate of 7.5%, compounded monthly.  The loan (principal plus interest) must be repaid at the end of the year.  Midwest Bank also offers to lend you the $25,000, but it will charge an annual rate of 8.3%, with no interest due until the end of the year.  What is the difference in the effective annual rates charged by the two banks?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

0.93%

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

0.77%

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

0.64%

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

0.54%

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

0.43%

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

27.)

 

You plan to make annual deposits into a bank account that pays a 5.00% nominal annual rate.  You think inflation will amount to 2.50% per year.  What is the expected annual real rate at which your money will grow?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

1.98%

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

2.20%

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

2.44%

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

2.68%

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

2.95%

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

 

 

 

28.)

 

You are considering investing in a bank account that pays a nominal annual rate of 6%, compounded monthly.  If you invest $5,000 at the end of each month, how many months will it take for your account to grow to $200,000? Round fractional years up.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

33

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

37

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

41

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

45

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

49

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

29.)

 

Your child’s orthodontist offers you two alternative payment plans.  The first plan requires a $4,000 immediate up-front payment.  The second plan requires you to make monthly payments of $137.41, payable at the end of each month for 3 years.  What nominal annual interest rate is built into the monthly payment plan?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

12.31%

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

12.96%

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

13.64%

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

14.36%

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

15.08%

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

30.)

 

Merchants Bank offers to lend you $30,000 at a nominal rate of 6.0%, simple interest, with interest paid quarterly.  Gold Coast Bank offers to lend you the $30,000, but it will charge 7.0%, simple interest, with interest paid at the end of the year.  What’s the difference in the effective annual rates charged by the two banks?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

1.49%

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

1.24%

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

1.04%

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

0.86%

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

0.69%

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

31.)

 

Your sister turned 35 today, and she is planning to save $5,000 per year for retirement, with the first deposit to be made one year from today.  She will invest in a mutual fund that will provide a return of 8% per year.  She plans to retire 30 years from today, when she turns 65, and she expects to live for 25 years after retirement, to age 90.  Under these assumptions, how much can she spend in each year after she retires? Her first withdrawal will be made at the end of her first retirement year.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

$47,888

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

$50,408

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

$53,061

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

$55,714

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

$58,500

 

 

 

 

 

 
                 

 

32.)

 

Your father now has $1,000,000 invested in an account that pays 9.00%.  He expects inflation to average 3%, and he wants to make annual constant dollar (real) end-of-year withdrawals over each of the next 20 years and end up with a zero balance after the 20th year.  How large will his initial withdrawal (and thus constant dollar (real) withdrawals) be?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

$68,139.22

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

$71,725.49

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

$75,500.52

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

$79,474.23

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

$83,657.08

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

33.)

 

 

 

You anticipate that you will need $1,500,000 when you retire 30 years from now.  You plan to make 30 deposits, beginning today, in a bank account that will pay 6% interest, compounded annually.  You expect to receive annual raises of 4%, so you will increase the amount you deposit each year by 4%.  (That is, your 2nd deposit will be 4% greater than your first, the 3rd will be 4% greater than the 2nd, etc.)  How much must your 1st deposit be if you are to meet your goal?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.

$10,216.60

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

$10,754.31

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

$11,320.33

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.

$11,886.35

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.

$12,480.66

 

 

 

 

 

 
                     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

question 6

/in /by

 

In 2011 ClydeClydeRenkasRenkasopened Clydes Pets a small retail shop selling pet supplies.On December 31,2011,, Clyde‘saccounting records showed the following

Inventory on December 31, 2011
$10,200
Inventory on January 1, 2011
15,300
Sales revenue
55,000
Utilities for shop
3,400
Rent for shop
4,800
Sales commissions
2,650
Purchases of merchandise
22,000

:

LOADING…

(Click the icon to view the accounting records.)

 

 

Requirement 1. Prepare an income statement for

Clyde’s PetsClyde‘s Pets,

a merchandiser, for the year ended December 31, 2011.

 
  Save Accounting Table…   +
  Copy to Clipboard…   +
 
Clyde’s Pets
 
 
Income Statement
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2011
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cost of goods sold:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cost of goods sold
 
 
 
 
Gross profit
 
 
 
 
Operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

In a metal fabrication process, metal rods are produced to a specified target length of 15 feet

/in /by

In a metal fabrication process, metal rods are produced to a specified target length of 15 feet. Suppose that the lengths are normally distributed. A quality control specialist collects a random sample of 16 rods and finds the sample mean length to be 14.8 feet and a standard deviation of 0.65 feet. The standard error of the mean is 

A 0.65 ft.
B 0.1625 ft.
C 0.0098 ft.
D 0.346 ft.
E 1.625 ft.

EU (European Union) countries report that 46% of their labor force is female. The United Nations wants to determine if the percentage of females in the U.S. labor force is the same. Based on a sample of 500 employment records, representatives from the United States Department of Labor find that the 95% confidence interval for the proportion of females in the U.S. labor force is 0.357 to 0.443. Which of the following is the correct interpretation? 

A We are 95% confident that between 35.7% and 44.3% of the persons in the U.S. labor force is female
B The margin of error for the true percentage of females in the U.S. labor force is between 35.7% and 44.3%
C The percentage of females in the U.S. labor force is between 35.7% and 44.3%
D All samples of size 500 will yield a percentage of females in the U.S. labor force that falls within 35.7% and 44.3%
E None of these

In a metal fabrication process, metal rods are produced to a specified target length of 15 feet. Suppose that the lengths are normally distributed. A quality control specialist collects a random sample of 16 rods and finds the sample mean length to be 14.8 feet and a standard deviation of 0.65 feet. Which of the following statements is true? 

A The sampling distribution for the sample mean follows the t-distribution with 15 degrees of freedom
B The mean of the sampling distribution for the sample mean is 14.8 feet
C The standard error is 0.65 feet
D The sampling distribution for the sample mean follows the t-distribution with 16 degrees of freedom
E The sampling distribution for the sample mean is Normal with a mean of 14.8 feet and standard deviation of 0.65 feet

 

qu

/in /by

 

 

                                                

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                            Cloud Computing

                                                            Affiliation

                                                            Student’s Name

 

 

 

 

 

                                                           

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                                        Abstract

            Cloud computing may be considered to be an advancement in computation history. This technology has various strengths that make it a preferred mode of accessing, analyzing, presenting as well as preserving various modes of evidence. However, it also harbors some limitations such as crime threats. The massive transition by individuals and businesses from the traditional physical storage medial to cloud computing has not only made these parties enjoy computing but also imparted them with knowledge and expertise on how to deal with networks with multiple users. There are legal problems that relate to cloud computing. With this regard, the law enforcement agencies must be on the look out to use the same cloud computing to acquire electronic evidence that can enable them to prosecute these criminals.

 

 

 

 

 

                                                

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                            Introduction

             There are various definitions that have been adopted for the concept of cloud computing.  To begin with, cloud computing may be broadly and in simple words defined as a means using the internet to store data, access data as well as programs that could not have been otherwise accessed using the computer’s hard drive. The concept of cloud computing is opposed to local storage where there is physical storage and access to data and programs. From a different perspective, cloud computing may be defined as the process through which computers share computing resources as opposed to relying on local servers or other personal devices that handle applications (Rountree,  & Castrillo, 2014, 5)

           Cloud computing has various goals. To begin with, it seeks to reduce cost by enabling sharing of resources. With reference to sharing of resources, the resources are shared by multiple users who have their computers connected to the same server. In addition, resources are economically used according to the consumers demand because cloud computing operates on a pay per use policy.

           The concept of cloud computing may be broken down into three levels. These levels include platform, infrastructure as well as software. There are various services provided at each of the levels of cloud computing. Infrastructure as a service commonly referred to as IaaS, is the foundation layer of cloud computing. There are various services offered by cloud computing at this level. Some of these include data storage, back up as well as security. Secondly, we have Software as a service (SaaS) which is commonly used by small scale cloud computing users such as small businesses. The services offered are paid as per the usage. Platform as a level of cloud computing provides frameworks that customers can use in developing their own applications.

         Cloud computing is of great essence in today’s world for every success-minded organization as well as individuals due to the numerous benefits it offers. In today’s world, it is very challenging to work with computers that are tasked with computing information themselves. There are various ways through which cloud computing impacts the identification, preservation, analysis as well as the presentation of electronic evidence.

                                                 Discussion

               Cloud computing and identification of electronic evidence

             The transition to cloud computing has impacted the identification of electronic evidence in a number of ways. To begin with, cloud computing enables the users to identify the various sources of evidence as well as what evidence can be generated using their systems.  Cloud computing offers a wide range of sources of electronic evidence. This evidence has specific characteristics that enhance activities in the other forensics process. With the cloud computing technology, forensic scientists can identify various aspects of any evidence provided. For instance, cloud computing can help in identification of voice in telephone conversations (Jiang, 2011, 18).

            With the traditional reliance on physical storage media, businesses and individuals could know the exact location on which their data is stored. This is because the physical storage does not involve multiple users like cloud computing and other online services. The retrieval of data was very easy and effective with the physical storage and the electronic evidence conducted was very safe because it did not require a back up storage in case data was lost.

       With the massive transition of individuals and businesses to cloud computing and other online services, identification of electronic evidence conducted has become of key significance because of the multiplicity of usage of cloud computing. It is very easy to lose electronic evidence while using cloud computing. Individuals and businesses are required to know the exact location of the electronic evidence they are trying to identify at any given moment. The transition will impact the identification of electronic evidence conducted in that most cloud service providers do not provide their consumers with interfaces that they can use to collect forensic data. This limits identification of data as customers lack the knowledge of the exact location of their electronic evidence. Identification of electronic evidence conducted is complex when individuals and businesses are using cloud computing because some cloud service providers may intentionally hide the locations of data requiring them to have abstractions to identify their data (Furht, & Escalante, 2010, 85).

           The increased privacy breaches that have accompanied the transition by individuals and businesses to cloud computing and other online services, the cloud service providers have required these customers to acquire abstractions that will facilitate the identification of electronic evidence. Encryptions have become very useful in safeguarding electronic evidence. When electronic evidence is moving across networks, the encryptions enable only the evidence owners to identify and use it hence locking out many manipulators who would want to identify and use evidence that belongs to other people. With this kind of electronic evidence identification, only the legal owner of the evidence can access and use the data. All other people can only see and locate the server hosting the electronic evidence but cannot have a full view of it because of the encryptions.

                 Transition to cloud computing and preservation of electronic evidence

              The preservation of electronic evidence upon which digital forensics traditionally relied on electronic evidence being stored on physical storage media such as hard disk drives will definitely be impacted by the transition of individuals and businesses to cloud computing and other online services.  Traditionally, digital forensics would collect data electronic evidence and preserve it in various physical media such as hard disk drives, file fragments among others. This evidence would be retrieved at any given time and be analyzed in order to facilitate the investigation process. With the transition to cloud computing and other online services, preservation of electronic evidence has been significantly transformed.  The transition has impacted the preservation of electronic evidence both positively as well as negatively (Dykstra, 2013, 160)

             Firstly, Cloud computing has facilitated the storage of electronic evidence in large volumes compared to the traditional techniques of storage. With the introduction of cloud computing and other online services it is possible to transmit packet of evidence over a network. The implication of this is that digital forensics in different locations can share evidence via a network as long as the computers are connected to the same servers. This has significantly reduced the cost of preservation of electronic evidence as people in different location can share resources through the same network.

            Secondly, the transition to cloud computing has facilitated the preservation of large volumes of potential electronic evidence. Forensics largely rely of the quality as well as the quantity of evidence collected and preserved during an investigation. With cloud computing, it is possible to preserve evidence in numerous files in just a single computer. This is because the computing of the evidence is done outside the computer that the individual or a business is using (Dykstra, 2013, 162)

               On the contrary, the transition to cloud computing and other online services has also negatively impacted the preservation of electronic evidence. Firstly, the electronic evidence preserved may be easily contaminated. All electronic devices are prone to some challenges from time to time. For instance, during a system breakdown, some of the traces of the electronic evidence may be lost. Since vast quantities of information are preserved through the use of cloud computing, the businesses and individuals using this technology are likely to suffer significant loses because some of these evidence may be automatically removed during the breakdown. Contamination of evidence is also very possible with the use of cloud computing. There are so many computer specialists who use cloud computing with the aim of gaining access to other user’s information. In some cases where private keys of the users where used in launching virtual evidence preservation platforms and machines, hackers may gain access to these keys through their malicious ways. When the keys are not in possession of the legitimate owners, the hackers can flood the websites that host these virtual machines by launching more machines that not only flood it but also take it offline (Kerr, 2005, 550).

                      Transition to cloud computing and impact on analysis of electronic evidence

           The transition to cloud computing has impacted the analysis of electronic evidence positively. The use of hosted servers to analyze electronic evidence presents the users with a better opportunity to conduct an effective analysis of the evidence collected as opposed to reliance on local networks. Cloud computing allows for identification of any unusual files of evidence that might have been collected.  The service provider is able to detect whether there are any usual processes that are running unusual files and alert the users. In addition, the transition has made it possible for identification of the status of the patching process. The patching process is of great significance when it comes of analysis of electronic evidence. The system notifies the user whether the patching process is updated and effective, a factor that is not possible when analyzing electronic evidence stored on physical storage media (Prosise, & Mandia, 2003, 102).

               Cost-wise, the transition to cloud computing and other online services have made the process through which electronic evidence is analyzed faster. Once data has been acquired, an individual can get assistance from the internet to help him or her understand it better. When electronic evidence has been acquired, a computer user can use various search engines to search for relevant data to find out the perception that was adopted by the other researchers in analysis. This will be helpful as it will provide insights on how the present electronic evidence can be analyzed (Degnan, 2011, 155).

              In addition, the transition to cloud computing has facilitated faster and an in-depth analysis of electronic evidence. Through the use of cloud computing, it is very possible to analyze various areas of the acquired electronic evidence. Some of the key areas that can be analyzed using cloud computing include encryption, tenancy, compliance as well as trust. The various areas of cloud computing relate to its security.  While analyzing the electronic evidence, it is important to look into the security of the cloud. This scrutiny is of importance as it helps in identifying whether the evidence may have been contaminated as well as distorted.  It is very possible to track the security of a cloud as opposed to physical storage media. This is because any security check conducted by the cloud service provider is stored in the system and can be retrieved and accessed by the users.

               Transition to cloud computing and presentation of electronic evidence

              The transition by individuals and businesses to cloud computing and other online services has positively impacted on the presentation of electronic evidence. To begin with, this transition has enhanced the speed of presentation of evidence. Traditionally, the physical storage media would use memory in presentation of evidence. This usually took a lot of time especially in the retrieval of the evidence. With the cloud computing technology, presentation of electronic evidence is very fast because the memory in which the evidence is preserved is connected to other functionalities that increase its speed of evidence recovery (Dykstra, 2013, 172)

             Secondly, the transition has facilitated large presentation of electronic evidence. In cloud computing, individuals and businesses can preserve large quantities of data. During presentation of the evidence, these large volumes can be retrieved. This is opposed to the traditional physical storage media that could only store small quantities of electronic evidence hence limiting the quantity to be presented.

        Thirdly, since cloud computing facilitates storage and access to data from anywhere in the world. Performing tasks in the forensic field has been very effective, faster and cheaper. This is because, while carrying out investigations, electronic evidence can be shared by forensic scientists in different locations. This facilitates faster analysis and decision making which is important in carrying out investigations. Through the fast and available network upon which cloud computing is based, presentation of electronic evidence becomes easy. With the traditional physical storage media, it is not possible to access data across the world hence posing a limitation in presentation of electronic evidence (Vacca, 2005, 80).

                                                 Conclusion

              Cloud computing is a very effective technology when it comes to the acquisition, preservation, analyses as well as presentation of electronic evidence. Cloud computing is of great importance in every individuals’ life as it simply make life better and more enjoyable. Despite its advantages and benefits in all areas of life, this technology has some short comings that ought to be addressed in order to make it friendlier. However, where there are benefits, it is almost impossible to avoid threats. Cloud computing has been associated with serious threats and crimes that can lead to lose of important data and evidence. All users need to be very knowledgeable and careful in their selection of cloud service providers and be careful to meet the entire compliance requirements in order to enjoy cloud computing to the latter.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Degnan, D. (2011). Accounting for the costs of electronic discovery. Minnesota Journal of Law, 12, 151–190.

Dykstra, J. (2013). Seizing Electronic Evidence from Cloud Computing Environments. Retrieved from http://www.csee.umbc.edu/~dykstra/Seizing-Electronic-Evidence-from-Cloud-Computing-Environments.pdf, 156-185.

Furht, B., & Escalante, A. (2010). Handbook of cloud computing. New York: Springer.

Jiang, L. (2011). Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Informatics, Cybernetics, and Computer Engineering. https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=pFezSDB3B18C&pg=PA229&lpg=PA229&dq=identification+of+electronic+evidence&source=bl&ots=3bk8d9-JCS&sig=3otWZA5JoRXsOWZXfDhT55HJQcA&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=identification%20of%20electronic%20evidence&f=false.

Kerr, S. (2005). Searches and seizures in a digital world. Harvard Law Review, (119), 531–585.

Prosise, C., & Mandia, K. (2003). Incident response & computer forensics. New York: McGraw-Hill/Osborne.

Rountree, D., & Castrillo, I. (2014). The basics of cloud computing: Understanding the fundamentals of cloud computing in theory and practice. Waltham, MA: Syngress.

Vacca, J. R. (2005). Computer forensics: Computer crime scene investigation. Hingham, MA: Charles River Media.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

There is a great deal of debate in the medical community concerning how to treat

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There is a great deal of debate in the medical community concerning how to treat pregnancies when the mother is pregnant with twins.
Some doctors believe that when the mother shows certain symptoms before the due date (i.e., preterm), it is best to induce labor or perform a cesarean; other doctors think that preterm births should be allowed to occur without induced labor or a cesarean. Still other doctors believe as much as possible should be done to promote a full term pregnancy.
The head of the birthing center at a large city hospital examined the hospital’s twin birth records for several years. The data is summarized in the table below and is in this Excel file: Twin Births

1999 2004 2009
Preterm (induced or cesarean) 11 13 19
Preterm (without procedures) 13 14 18
Full term 27 26 32

Important Note: To arrange the data in the Excel file into a table in the worksheet, do the following:
1) click on any cell in the data;
2) click on the Insert tab;
3) click on PivotTable at the extreme left of the menu ribbon;
4) in the resulting window check that the Table/Range area shows Sheet1!$A$1:$C$10; in addition, click the radio button next to “Existing Worksheet” and specify the address of an empty cell in the “Location” area; then click OK;
5) in the PivotTable Field list, drag Duration to the Row Labels area;
6) in the PivotTable Field list, drag Year to the Column Labels area;
7) in the PivotTable Field list, drag Counts to the Values area;
8) you should now have a table showing the number of pregnancies with each duration/year combination.
Is there evidence that the way the hospital deals with pregnancies involving twins may have changed? Answer the following questions to perform the appropriate statistical test.

Question 1: What is the degrees of freedom for this test?

Question 2: What is the value of the chi-square test statistic? (use 4 decimal places) 

 

Moncler Online Store A casa o casa vacanza

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Moncler Online Store A casa o casa vacanza è un altro paio di giubbotti Moncler pesce per un bed and breakfast o guest house. Una casa è come la propria casa in quanto è completamente arredato e attrezzato. La nostra casa è wellequipped con lavatrice lavastoviglie microonde forno fridgefreezer TV lettore CD e video. Ci si sente come un buon momento per essere di nuovo patriottico dice Ricky Rondine uno scultore a Highland Park in California che ama lavorare in 1940 grembiuli di jeans e stivali inseguitore dal centuryold Quoddy Trail Mocassino Co. Nel Maine. C’è una ironia di esso.

Catene di ristoranti e alimentari e produttori di bevande di Moncler jacketten pubblicizzano i loro servizi come un aspetto del piumino Moncler condurre gli affari. Il loro pane e burro deriva dalla possibilità di tentare papille gustative di un cliente abbastanza per attirare le vendite. A mio parere i costi di vendita moncler limitare la libertà di parola in televisione vietando completamente pubblicità del cibo spazzatura in libertà civili senso chiaramente superare i possibili benefici (gioco di parole)..

Si sta avvicinando luxepups.com/ non un pulcino caldo ma un’altra persona. Se tu pensi che lei è bella lei dica così. Ehi volevo solo venire a presentarmi io sono ____ qui il tuo nome ___. Ciò che non ho avuto più è stato il lousiness di Moncler cappotti della statua nel suo complesso nazista o non. Si erge 7inches alto ed è fatto di Moncler giacca un materiale abbastanza di qualità (Moncler Donna outlet: informazioni qui) in modo che è bello. Ma questo è tutto quello che posso dire bello. Uno dei Moncler cappotto i video preso da uno studente da una finestra camera dormitorio con un iPhone mostra una folla in strada che celebra la vittoria di Maryland. Un uomo in un marrone Moncler mens halfjogs giacca halfdances lungo il marciapiede. Si ferma quando vede un paio di Moncler cappotto di Moncler coatficers a cavallo di fronte a lui Moncler uomini e lo Corner.

Giacca biker donna Moncler sono amati da donne in ogni classificazione e di stile in quanto sono attraenti e divertenti da indossare e aveva sempre più la selezione poi semplicemente nero. Ci sono una varietà di stili Moncler da donna e accessori interessanti tra cui cappotti borse a mano e gilet. Questi abbigliamento femminile amante del divertimento trasporta un atteggiamento di giubbotti Moncler forza femminile.. Rachel Rimpel una madre di San Antonio con un figlio e una figlia 3yearold 17monthold sperava di acquistare alcuni giocattoli di Natale per i prezzi più bassi rispetto ai grandi magazzini. Ha anche portato in alcuni articoli di spedizione tra cui una lampada con figure di Noè con un prezzo di $ 15. I suoi figli hanno superato dormire nella stanza dei bambini dove la luce che serve a sedersi.
read more:
http://url.blog1.de/robertmitch/
http://facebookhitlist.com/profiles/blogs/moncler-online-i-visitatori-possono
http://skadate.host-dienst.de/member/blog_post_view.php?postId=345427
http://help.ksu.edu.sa/user/549055

Another assignment…. Please respond if you can do it…. Thanks Using the regression results and the other computations from Assignment 1, determine the market structure in which the low-calorie frozen, microwavable food company operates. Use the Inte

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Another assignment…. Please respond if you can do it…. Thanks

 

Using the regression results and the other computations from Assignment 1, determine the market structure in which the low-calorie frozen, microwavable food company operates.

Use the Internet to research two (2) of the leading competitors in the low-calorie frozen, microwavable food industry, and take note of their pricing strategies, profitability, and their relationships within the industry (worldwide).

Write a six (6) page paper in which you:

  1. Outline a plan that will assess the effectiveness of the market structure for the company’s operations. Note: In Assignment 1, the assumption was that the market structure [or selling environment] was perfectly competitive and that the equilibrium price was to be determined by setting QD equal to QS. You are now aware of recent changes in the selling environment that suggest an imperfectly competitive market where your firm now has substantial market power in setting its own “optimal” price.
  2. Given that business operations have changed from the market structure specified in the original scenario in Assignment 1, determine two (2) likely factors that might have caused the change. Predict the primary manner in which this change would likely impact business operations in the new market environment.
  3. Analyze the major short run and long cost functions for the low-calorie, frozen microwaveable food company given the cost functions below. Suggest substantive ways in which the low-calorie food company may use this information in order to make decisions in both the short-run and the long-run.

TC = 160,000,000 + 100Q + 0.0063212Q2
VC = 100Q + 0.0063212Q2
MC= 100 + 0.0126424Q

  1. Determine the possible circumstances under which the company should discontinue operations. Suggest key actions that management should take in order to confront these circumstances. Provide a rationale for your response.(Hint: Your firm’s price must cover average variable costs in the short run and average total costs in the long run to continue operations.)
  2. Suggest one (1) pricing policy that will enable your low-calorie, frozen microwavable food company to maximize profits. Provide a rationale for your suggestion.

(Hints:

  • In Assignment 1, you determined your firm’s market demand equation. Now you need to find the inverse demand equation. Having found that, find the Total Revenue function for your firm (TR is P x Q). From your firm’s Total Revenue function, then find your Marginal Revenue (MR) function.
  • Use the profit maximization rule MR = MC to determine your optimal price and optimal output level now that you have market power. Compare these values with the values you generated in Assignment 1. Determine whether your price higher is or lower.)
  1. Outline a plan, based on the information provided in the scenario, which the company could use in order to evaluate its financial performance. Consider all the key drivers of performance, such as company profit or loss for both the short term and long term, and the fundamental manner in which each factor influences managerial decisions.

(Hints:

  • Calculate profit in the short run by using the price and output levels you generated in part 5. Optional: You may want to compare this to what profit would have been in Assignment 1 using the cost function provided here.
  • Calculate profit in the long run by using the output level you generated in part 5 and cost data in part 3 and assuming that the selling environment will likely be very competitive. Determine why this would be a valid assumption.)
  1. Recommend two (2) actions that the company could take in order to improve its profitability and deliver more value to its stakeholders. Outline, in brief, a plan to implement your recommendations.
  2. Use at least five (5) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note:Wikipedia does not qualify as an academic resource.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

  • Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
  • Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

  • Analyze short-run and long-run production and cost functions.
  • Apply macroeconomic concepts to changes in global and national economies and how they affect economic growth, inflation, interest rates, and wage rates.
  • Evaluate the profit-maximizing price and output level for given operating costs for monopolies and firms in competitive industries.
  • Use technology and information resources to research issues in managerial economics and globalization.
  • Write clearly and concisely about managerial economics and globalization using proper writing mechanics

.