LEG 320 Week 7 Assignment 2: Criminal Defenses and Criminal Punishments

Assignment 2: Criminal Defenses and Criminal Punishments
Due Week 7 and worth 170 points

It is common knowledge that two controversial issues in the American legal system are the types of criminal defenses and the manner of criminal punishment. In this assignment, you will explore both in their various forms.

Use the Internet or Strayer databases to research the types of criminal defenses and the manner of criminal punishment.

Write a four to six (4-6) page paper in which you:

  1. Specify the key points involved in the court determining the lawfulness of the use of force. Next, evaluate the level of objectivity inherent in each point that you have specified.
  2. Determine the fundamental difference between the castle doctrine and stand your ground types of criminal defenses. Justify the validity of each, and provide one (1) example of each to support your response.
  3. Analyze the overall role that double jeopardy clause plays within the trial system. Next, evaluate the general level of fairness of double jeopardy to the defense. Provide a rationale to support your response.
  4. Specify the basic features of adversarial system. Next, support or critique the value of the adversarial system within the criminal law system in the United States. Justify your response.
  5. Argue for or against the right to a speedy trial, as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Provide a rationale to support your response.
  6. Use at least three (3) quality academic resources in this assignment.

 

Points: 170

Assignment 2: Criminal Defenses and Criminal Punishments

Criteria

 

Unacceptable
Below 60% F

Meets Minimum Expectations
60-69% D

 

Fair
70-79% C

 

Proficient
80-89% B

 

Exemplary
90-100% A

1. Specify the key points involved in the court determining the lawfulness of the use of force. Next, evaluate the level of objectivity inherent in each point that you have specified.
Weight: 15%

Did not submit or incompletely specified the key points involved in the court determining the lawfulness of the use of force. Did not submit or incompletely evaluated the level of objectivity inherent in each point that you have specified.

Insufficiently specified the key points involved in the court determining the lawfulness of the use of force. Insufficiently evaluated the level of objectivity inherent in each point that you have specified.

Partially specified the key points involved in the court determining the lawfulness of the use of force. Partially evaluated the level of objectivity inherent in each point that you have specified.

Satisfactorily specified the key points involved in the court determining the lawfulness of the use of force. Satisfactorily evaluated the level of objectivity inherent in each point that you have specified.

Thoroughly specified the key points involved in the court determining the lawfulness of the use of force. Thoroughly evaluated the level of objectivity inherent in each point that you have specified.

2. Determine the fundamental difference between the castle doctrine and stand your ground types of criminal defenses.  Justify the validity of each, and provide one (1) example of each to support your response.
Weight: 20%

Did not submit or incompletely determined the fundamental difference between the castle doctrine and stand your ground types of criminal defenses. Did not submit or incompletely justified the validity of each, and did not submit or incompletely provided one (1) example of each to support your response.

Insufficiently determined the fundamental difference between the castle doctrine and stand your ground types of criminal defenses.  Insufficiently justified the validity of each, and insufficiently provided one (1) example of each to support your response.

Partially determined the fundamental difference between the castle doctrine and stand your ground types of criminal defenses.  Partially justified the validity of each, and partially provided one (1) example of each to support your response.

Satisfactorily determined the fundamental difference between the castle doctrine and stand your ground types of criminal defenses. Satisfactorily justified the validity of each, and satisfactorily provided one (1) example of each to support your response.

Thoroughly determined the fundamental difference between the castle doctrine and stand your ground types of criminal defenses.  Thoroughly justified the validity of each, and thoroughly provided one (1) example of each to support your response.

3. Analyze the overall role that double jeopardy clause plays within the trial system. Next, evaluate the general level of fairness of double jeopardy to the defense. Provide a rationale to support your response.
Weight: 20%

Did not submit or incompletely analyzed the overall role that double jeopardy clause plays within the trial system. Did not submit or incompletely evaluated the general level of fairness of double jeopardy to the defense. Did not submit or incompletely provided a rationale to support your response.

Insufficiently analyzed the overall role that double jeopardy clause plays within the trial system. Insufficiently evaluated the general level of fairness of double jeopardy to the defense. Insufficiently provided a rationale to support your response.

Partially analyzed the overall role that double jeopardy clause plays within the trial system. Partially evaluated the general level of fairness of double jeopardy to the defense. Partially provided a rationale to support your response.

Satisfactorily analyzed the overall role that double jeopardy clause plays within the trial system. Satisfactorily evaluated the general level of fairness of double jeopardy to the defense. Satisfactorily provided a rationale to support your response.

Thoroughly analyzed the overall role that double jeopardy clause plays within the trial system. Thoroughly evaluated the general level of fairness of double jeopardy to the defense. Thoroughly provided a rationale to support your response.

4. Specify the basic features of adversarial system. Next, support or critique the value of the adversarial system within the criminal law system in the United States. Justify your response.
Weight: 15%

Did not submit or incompletely specified the basic features of adversarial system. Did not submit or incompletely supported or critiqued the value of the adversarial system within the criminal law system in the United States. Did not submit or incompletely justified your response.

Insufficiently specified the basic features of adversarial system. Insufficiently supported or critiqued the value of the adversarial system within the criminal law system in the United States. Insufficiently justified your response.

Partially specified the basic features of adversarial system. Partially supported or critiqued the value of the adversarial system within the criminal law system in the United States. Partially justified your response.

Satisfactorily specified the basic features of adversarial system. Satisfactorily supported or critiqued the value of the adversarial system within the criminal law system in the United States. Satisfactorily justified your response.

Thoroughly specified the basic features of adversarial system. Thoroughly supported or critiqued the value of the adversarial system within the criminal law system in the United States. Thoroughly justified your response.

5. Argue for or against the right to a speedy trial, as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Provide a rationale to support your response.
Weight: 15%

Did not submit or incompletely argued for or against the right to a speedy trial, as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Did not submit or incompletely provided a rationale to support your response.

Insufficiently argued for or against the right to a speedy trial, as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Insufficiently provided a rationale to support your response.

Partially argued for or against the right to a speedy trial, as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Partially provided a rationale to support your response.

Satisfactorily argued for or against the right to a speedy trial, as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Satisfactorily provided a rationale to support your response.

Thoroughly argued for or against the right to a speedy trial, as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Thoroughly provided a rationale to support your response.

6. 3 references
Weight: 5%

No references provided

Does not meet the required number of references; all references poor quality choices.

Does not meet the required number of references; some references poor quality choices.

Meets number of required references; all references high quality choices.

Exceeds number of required references; all references high quality choices.

7. Clarity, writing mechanics, and formatting requirements
Weight: 10%

More than 8 errors present

7-8 errors present

5-6 errors present

3-4 errors present

0-2 errors present

Evidence

You are an investigator with the District Attorney’s Investigation Team for a major metropolitan area. You are one of the recently hired 16 new investigators that will be sprinkled throughout the department. All 16 of you have had little time as investigators and the Chief’s concern is that you all are properly trained in issues of the exclusionary rule to avoid problems later on during investigations. This is a political hot potato because these are supposed to be the best investigators in the jurisdiction. You have already provided an extensive paper to your new fellow investigators and noticed an interest they had in exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule. You have decided to provide a 3-5 page addendum to last week’s training to address some of the exceptions.

In a 3-5 page paper, please include responses to the bulleted issues listed below. It is critical that when you make a statement of fact in your presentation that you cite the reference you obtained the information from in the text of the paper and that the reference is included in your reference page. As always your paper will be submitted in the APA format current edition. No abstract is required as this is a short position paper but a title page, reference page, and appropriate running header with page numbers are necessary.

  • Detail the concept for admissibility of plain sight evidence and the legal requirements for the investigator to invoke a plain sight seizure.
  • Explain how evidence that would have been found without the questionable search that violates the exclusionary rule could ultimately be admissible as evidence.
  • Relate how the court views investigators and realizes that human error will sometimes result in faulty paperwork. Explain how the court allows for such errors in the “Good Faith” principle.
  • The student will select two of the three concepts known as dying declaration, the silver platter rule, and exigent circumstance. The student will expound on the meaning of each and why the court believes in such exceptions to constitutional requirements
  • The student will articulate the types of situations where it is permissible to lie to a suspect to elicit a confession. What aspects would be allowed by the court and what would be prohibited.

Be sure to reference all sources using APA style.

ETHICAL VIOLATION PAPER/phyllis young

Locate a news story or press release about an ethical violation(s) resulting from actions of employees in the criminal justice system.

Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you include the following:

  • In what component of the criminal justice system does the criminal justice agency or individuals in question belong?
  • What is the reasoning for the criminal justice agency’s involvement and the timing of the news story or press release?
  • What is the role of the media and public opinion in the news story or press release?
  • What are the primary ethical styles or perspectives of the involved agency, along with the reported concerns or ethical violations identified in the report or release?
  • Key interest groups in relation to the ethical violation
  • Identify if the release was informative or persuasive, and whether or not it outlines the importance of ethics in the criminal justice system.
  • Discuss if there are obvious ways the ethical violation(s) could have been avoided.

Include at least two sources other than the textbook.

Format your paper in accordance with APA guidelines.Locate a news story or press release about an ethical violation(s) resulting from actions of employees in the criminal justice system.

Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you include the following:

  • In what component of the criminal justice system does the criminal justice agency or individuals in question belong?
  • What is the reasoning for the criminal justice agency’s involvement and the timing of the news story or press release?
  • What is the role of the media and public opinion in the news story or press release?
  • What are the primary ethical styles or perspectives of the involved agency, along with the reported concerns or ethical violations identified in the report or release?
  • Key interest groups in relation to the ethical violation
  • Identify if the release was informative or persuasive, and whether or not it outlines the importance of ethics in the criminal justice system.
  • Discuss if there are obvious ways the ethical violation(s) could have been avoided.

Include at least two sources other than the textbook.

Format your paper in accordance with APA guidelines.

CRJ 320: Week 3 Assignment 1

Preliminary investigations do not necessarily yield enough information to prosecute a criminal case. Despite a thorough preliminary investigation, many cases require a follow – up investigation. Use your textbook, the Internet, and / or Strayer Library to research articles on crime scene investigation. 

Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you:

  1. Assemble a set of guidelines on conducting preliminary investigation for a criminal case.
  2. Propose one (1) strategy that criminal investigators should take in order to conduct an efficient follow-up investigation. Provide a rationale to support your response. 
  3. Select two major crimes (e.g. sudden deaths, sex related crimes) and compare and contrast the key differences in reporting the two major crimes that you selected.
  4. Determine the three (3) most important characteristics of an effective criminal investigator and discuss the importance of each characteristic you determined.
  5. Support or critique the argument that the criminal investigation process should maintain the balance regarding freedom of information through media outlets and privacy rights of alleged perpetrators of crime. Provide a rationale to support your response.
  6. Use at least two (2) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar type Websites do not qualify as academic resources.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

  • Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format.

 

Assignment 1: Crime Scene Investigation

Criteria

Unacceptable

Below 70% F

Fair

70-79% C

Proficient

80-89% B

Exemplary

90-100% A

1. Assemble a set of guidelines on conducting preliminary investigation for a criminal case.

Weight: 15%

Did not submit or incompletely assembled a set of guidelines on conducting preliminary investigation for a criminal case.

Partially assembled a set of guidelines on conducting preliminary investigation for a criminal case.

Satisfactorily assembled a set of guidelines on conducting preliminary investigation for a criminal case.

Thoroughly assembled a set of guidelines on conducting preliminary investigation for a criminal case.

2. Propose one (1) strategy that criminal investigators should take in order to conduct an efficient follow-up investigation. Provide a rationale to support your response.
Weight: 15%

Did not submit or incompletely proposed one (1) strategy that criminal investigators should take in order to conduct an efficient follow-up investigation. Did not submit or incompletely provided a rationale to support your response.

Partially proposed one (1) strategy that criminal investigators should take in order to conduct an efficient follow-up investigation. Partially provided a rationale to support your response.

Satisfactorily proposed one (1) strategy that criminal investigators should take in order to conduct an efficient follow-up investigation. Satisfactorily provided a rationale to support your response.

Thoroughly proposed one (1) strategy that criminal investigators should take in order to conduct an efficient follow-up investigation. Thoroughly provided a rationale to support your response.

3. Select two major crimes (e.g. sudden deaths, sex related crimes) and compare and contrast the key differences in reporting the two major crimes that you selected.

Weight: 15%

Did not submit or incompletely selected two major crimes (e.g. sudden deaths, sex related crimes); did not submit or incompletely compared and contrasted the key differences in reporting the two major crimes that you selected.

Partially selected two major crimes (e.g. sudden deaths, sex related crimes); partially compared and contrasted the key differences in reporting the two major crimes that you selected.

Satisfactorily selected two major crimes (e.g. sudden deaths, sex related crimes); satisfactorily compared and contrasted the key differences in reporting the two major crimes that you selected.

Thoroughly selected two major crimes (e.g. sudden deaths, sex related crimes); thoroughly compared and contrasted the key differences in reporting the two major crimes that you selected.

4. Determine the three (3) most important characteristics of an effective criminal investigator and discuss the importance of each characteristic you determined.

Weight: 20%

Did not submit or incompletely determined the three (3) most important characteristics of an effective criminal investigator; did not submit or incompletely discussed the importance of each characteristic you determined.

Partially determined the three (3) most important characteristics of an effective criminal investigator; partially discussed the importance of each characteristic you determined.

Satisfactorily determined the three (3) most important characteristics of an effective criminal investigator; satisfactorily discussed the importance of each characteristic you determined.

Thoroughly determined the three (3) most important characteristics of an effective criminal investigator; thoroughly discussed the importance of each characteristic you determined.

5. Support or critique the argument that the criminal investigation process should maintain the balance regarding freedom of information through media outlets and privacy rights of alleged perpetrators of crime. Provide a rationale to support your response.

Weight: 20%

Did not submit or incompletely supported or critiqued the argument that the criminal investigation process should maintain the balance regarding freedom of information through media outlets and privacy rights of alleged perpetrators of crime. Did not submit or incompletely provided a rationale to support your response.

Partially supported or critiqued the argument that the criminal investigation process should maintain the balance regarding freedom of information through media outlets and privacy rights of alleged perpetrators of crime. Partially provided a rationale to support your response.

Satisfactorilysupported or critiqued the argument that the criminal investigation process should maintain the balance regarding freedom of information through media outlets and privacy rights of alleged perpetrators of crime. Satisfactorilyprovided a rationale to support your response.

Thoroughly supported or critiqued the argument that the criminal investigation process should maintain the balance regarding freedom of information through media outlets and privacy rights of alleged perpetrators of crime. Thoroughly provided a rationale to support your response.

6. 2 references

Weight: 5%

No references provided

Does not meet the required number of references; all references poor quality choices.

Does not meet the required number of references; some references poor quality choices.

Meets number of required references; all references high quality choices.

7. Clarity, writing mechanics, and formatting requirements

Weight: 10%

More than 6 errors present

5-6 errors present

3-4 errors present

0-2 errors present

WKCLT-10

Write 150 word response to Teenage Curfew on Colin Hodgkins. What do you think about Teenage Curfew? What are your thoughts how the  whole situation was handled? Is the California Curfew law stricker or roughly the same? Do you think the mother did the right or wrong? Explain. APA Format, No title page. Need to cite and reference response.

 

In 2000, 15-year-old Colin Hodgkins had a late dinner at the Steak ’n Shake in Marion County, Indiana, where he and some friends had stopped after attending a school soccer game. As Colin was leaving the restaurant, he was arrested for violating the state’s curfew law.36 He was taken by the police to the local high school, where he was questioned and required to undergo drug tests before being released to his mother. At the time, Indiana law prohibited minors from being out in public after 11:00 p.m. without parental accompaniment.

Hodgkins’s mother filed suit against the state, arguing that the Indiana statute violated her son’s First Amendment rights by preventing him and other teenagers from attending midnight mass or a late political rally. When the district court agreed with her, the state amended the statute to make such late-night activities exceptions to the curfew.37 Colin then challenged the amended statute, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit agreed that the statute dissuaded minors from engaging in protected activities because they risked arrest, detention, and drug tests if they did so.38In the words of the court, “[W]e hold that the curfew law, even with the new affirmative defenses for First Amendment activity, is not narrowly tailored to serve a significant governmental interest and fails to allow for ample alternative channels for expression. The statute restricts a minor’s access to any public forum during curfew hours, and the affirmative defense for participating in First Amendment activities does not significantly reduce the chance that a minor might be arrested for exercising First Amendment rights.”39

In 2003 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit overruled a similar city ordinance that had been enacted by the city of Vernon, Connecticut.40 Nonetheless, at last count about 500 cities in the United States had curfew regulations in effect,41 and courts are split on the constitutionality of such statutes.42

In 2000, a Texas court upheld a curfew ordinance that was enacted by the city of San Antonio.43 The San Antonio Youth Curfew ordinance prohibits youths under the age of 17 from being in public places within the city between the hours of 10:30 p.m. and 6:00 a.m. on Sunday through Thursday and between the hours of 12:00 midnight and 6:00 a.m. on Friday or Saturday. In the 2000 case, a teenager had been stopped by the police for violating the city’s curfew law. He was subsequently searched, and the police found marijuana on his person.

About the same time, a curfew law passed by the District of Columbia was found unconstitutional because it was not narrowly tailored to serve the District’s compelling interest in addressing the problems of crime and victimization by and against minors in the least intrusive manner.44

 

As these cases show, the constitutionality of curfew statutes is unclear. The laws that have been overturned were generally seen as being too vague and as restricting the First Amendment rights of the teenagers involved. Many officials believe, however, that such laws are needed to combat criminal activity by juveniles.45

week 4 post 3

minimum of 150 words apa format

 

Scenario for Post 3

 

Now you choose. Read the posts submitted by the class. Which side seems more logical to you? Should the medical industry abide by an “at-will” doctrine? Why / why not? Be sure to cite to a fellow student’s post.

 

some classmates posts

 

1. The hospital has indicated that they will be terminating Mr. Con Fused for failing to follow instructions.  However, based on the at-will doctrine no reason was given for his termination.  The hospital takes the service provided by their employees very seriously and it is their job to make sure all patients and fellow staff members are receiving the best care.  The hospital felt it was in their best interest to terminate Mr. Con Fused.

The relationship between the hospital and Mr. Con Fused was governed by the common law doctrine of employment at will.  Either party could terminate the employment relationship at any time and for any reason, unless doing so violated an employee’s statutory or contractual rights.  This was clearly an issue with this situation.  Also, it is important to note that terminating this employee did violate any federal or state statute such as any sort of discrimination.

 

Base on this policy, the hospital reserves the right to not disclose specific termination reasons other than the decision was based on the best interest of the hospital, patients and supporting staff.

 

 

2. The Hospital adheres to the At-will employment policy which follows state and federal guidelines. Mr. Fused has had quarterly reviews and in each of the last three reviews he has been critiqued on hospital process and procedures that were not meeting hospital standards. These process and procedures are meant to offer safe and clean environments for patients and staff. Mr. Fused willful disregard for following instructions, despite repeated review, were grounds to terminate his employment. 

 

Mr. Fuse can be released under At-will employment doctrine which allows either party to terminate the employment relationship for any reason or no reason at all (Cross, F. B. and Miller, R. L. 2015 pp. 438). While there are several exceptions such as implied contracts or discrimination these do not apply in Mr. Fuses scenario. There may not be an actual incident at the time of Mr. Fuses termination but at-will employment doctrine allows business to broadly use general performance to make employment decisions, including immediate termination.

 

 

3. At-will means that an employer can terminate an employee at any time for any reason, except an illegal one, or for no reason without incurring legal liability.  Likewise, an employee is free to leave a job at any time for any or no reason with no adverse legal consequences. At-will also means that an employer can change the terms of the employment relationship with no notice and no consequences (ncsl.org.2017).

            As an employee who worked for the human resource department at the regional hospital. I believe that the at–will policy is a good policy for both the hospital, as well as the employees. Just for the simple fact that working in a hospital facility is a very serious and important job. With that being said every employee would need to be one hundred percent focus and follow the rules and regulations at all times, especially when we have patients lives in our hands.

           Moreover, although the at-will policy may seems harsh and unfair in Mr. Con Fused favor. I must say that I support the at-will policy and my reasoning for saying so because this policy offers the right to establish a safe, organize, clean, great performance skills, and functional environment for all staff members and patients. So, therefore I think that the at-will employment is preferred in the hospital or medical field, due management being able to run a strict operation. 

 

             In addition, they can not afford to have any mistakes being made that can cost them to lose their jobs, be sued or loose patient under their care. In this incident that Mr.Con Fused was terminated because of his inability to follow instruction would be considered to be the appropriate action under the at-law policy and not a violation. In many working we make mistakes and we have to pay for our actions, so who knows how many times that Mr. Con Fused  was spoken to or written up his inability for not following instructions before he got terminated.

 

 

4. At will employment means that the Company does not offer tenure or guaranteed employment for any period of time to any employee without an employment contract or written direction from the CEO/President. In at will employment, either the company or the employee can terminate the employment relationship at any time, with or without cause, with or without notice (C.L, 2017).

In the case of Mr. Fused, there were justifiable grounds to terminate the employee. Mr. Fused was given the opportunity to correct his unacceptable behavior and still continued to not follow instructions given to him by his superior.

Mr. Fused was terminated due to inability to follow instructions. According to the policies employers can generally release at-will employees who aren’t working out, without giving advance notice in which this case we told Mr. Fused why he is being terminated.

http://smallbusiness.chron.com/good-things-atwill-employment-34594.html

 

 

5. Some of the main criteria stated for the designation of Mr. Con Fused, was that the candidate for the job has to pay close attention to detail and follow directions, aside from the qualifications skills.

 

Considering knowledge signify the ownership of information, intelligence is driven by how that information is managed mentally, that it will be accomplished responsibly. Both apprehension and performance must function in accord with each other.

 

As teamwork is the motto in every management. The procedure is further combined when more people should act in-sync toward a common intent. It is also crucial that each unit affiliate’s knowledge of that common intent is similar, as a skillful affiliate will be educating unskillful affiliate.  Valuable time, services, and worst of all life might be endangered because a member of our health unit cannot follow instructions.

 

With this recent incident under Mr. Fused care, the management of Regional Hospital cannot tolerate any more mishaps from Mr. Fused for his inability to follow instructions.  The management has been lenient enough after five years in Mr. Fused impairment, hoping that we can see some improvement, but Mr. Fused failed to follow through, and for this very reason that the Management of Regional Hospital has to let him go, as the health and well-being of our patients in Regional Hospital is the supreme priority. 

 

 

 

Business Law Project

Format Requirements:

Label each Section and part of analysis, as Section A, 1., Section A, 2., etc.

   Analyses should be comprehensive, fully supported/justified/explained, specific, and detailed in rationale (this is a most important requirement of this project)

   Analyses should be paragraph format

   All in text citations must be in APA proper format

   Each part should a minimum of 3-4 paragraphs, and likely will be, and should be, longer to be adequately comprehensive.

   Follow directions for assignment closely

Read the following case scenario and respond to analysis instructions at the end.

 

Fact Scenario:  Clear ‘n Brite, Inc. (Clear), a commercial interior and exterior cleaning service business operated profitably for 10 years with no legal claims against it. Clear had always purchased its cleaning solutions and products from Green Glow, Inc. (Green), a company that manufactures only chemical-free cleaning products.  All products purchased are chemical-free cleaning products and supplies, e.g., gloves, masks, etc. 

Each of the Green products carries the following warning label:

Warning:  Use only as directed and in a properly ventilated area.  Use only the amount of product as directed on the product Directions for Use.  Wear gloves when using this product to avoid possible skin irritation. 

Do not ingest product internally.  If ingested, seek medical attention immediately.

Avoid contact with eyes to prevent irritation.  If product contacts eyes, wash with clear water and seek medical attention if irritation continues more than a few minutes or worsens.

 

For 6 months, 3 client-companies operating in large office spaces reported to Clear that many employees were complaining of rashes, headaches, and/or nausea after Clear completed routine cleaning services using its usual Green cleaning products in the offices. 

The symptoms of many employees worsened over the months; many needed medical treatment such as allergy medications, and some missed work due to their symptoms.

Clear met with client representatives several times about the complaints, but claimed that no products or cleaning procedures had changed during the 6 months, that the products had never caused harm to consumers or users, that the products were inspected and stored in the usual manner, and that, thus, the employee problems had to be related to other causes.  

US Office Services, Inc., (US Office) one of the 3 client companies, eventually sued Clear and Green under strict product liability for defective and negligent manufacture of the cleaning products, and for failure to adequately warn of dangers of the cleaning products.

Clear and Green denied liability claiming that the products were not defective, not dangerous, that the product warning was sufficient, and that Clear was protected by an exculpatory clause in its contract with US Office in which Clear waived liability for injuries to client-consumers.

The court ruled in favor of US Office and awarded damages.

Label each section, Section A and Section B, and label each part of each section, i.e., 1., 2., 3., etc.

 

Section A.  Assume you are the owner of Clear.  You are preparing to meet with Clear’s attorney to discuss an appeal to the court’s ruling.  To help clarify your thoughts about the case, prior to meeting with the attorney, write a comprehensive summary analysis addressing each of the following topics (in 2-4 paragraphs each, approximately):

 

1.  why you agree/disagree with the appropriateness of the specific parties sued as consistent with product liability law 

2.  why you agree/disagree that the symptoms of the US Office workers support a valid claim that the Green products were defective

3.  why you agree/disagree the Green product warning label is adequate

4.  whether the exculpatory clause in Clear’s contract with US Office should affect the outcome of the lawsuit, and if so, how

 

Section B.  Write an exculpatory clause to be included in all future contracts with clients that you believe is appropriate, legal, would protect Clear from certain liabilities, and likely would be upheld by a court.

            1.  Write a 1-2 paragraph explanation of why you believe the exculpatory clause is likely to be upheld by a court.   Be specific.

 

RESOURCES:  Support all conclusions with legal concepts, applicable law, logical reasoning and in-text cites to relevant resources.  You may use some outside resources, but rely primarily on in-class assigned materials.

The following resources may not be used:

Any Wiki sites

Law firm or company/corporate newsletters or advertisements

Local or regional newspapers (MAJOR Metropolitan newspapers, e.g., Wall Street Journal, New York Times, etc. may be used)

Blogs

Social Media

Instructor Notes or any Professor posted info in the classroom

Direct quotes from any resources may not be used and will result in point deductions.  Paraphrase any attributions to outside resources.

Business periodicals, e.g., Forbes, The Economist, Business Week, law review articles, academic articles in professional journals, e.g., The Business Law Journal, or business law journals published by law schools, e.g., The Business Law Journal – Penn Law School, etc. are appropriate and useful resources. 

Assignment

Find at least two(2) articles (preferably from the online library) focused on two separate “real life” criminal cases in which DNA played a major role. Appropriate examples for this assignment might include the O.J. Simpson case or the John Benet Ramsey case although there are a myriad of true cases conducive for this assignment. Hint: The Innocence Project website serves as a great resource for this assignment.www.innocenceproject.org/ I Have attached the two articles for use to use one is a pdf and one is copied into a word document the citations for both or in the word document the citation for the pdf is at the bottom of the word document. You will write about serial killer Derrick Todd Lee. Feel free to use other sources along with the ones I have provided. These articles can be from electronic sources, newspapers, or online journals however the cases must have occurred in the United States.

 

1) Based on the information from your research, write a summary of the impact and/or circumstances surrounding the DNA evidence. Also, please be sure to address the specific DNA technologies applicable to the case if in fact they are address in your research (i.e. mtDNA, Y-STR, ABO/PCR-based reverse dot-blot tests, etc. Note: Please remember to focus on the DNA evidence and not other types of physical evidence. For example, providing a lengthy case overview, biography of the offender, or rehashing of the case itself will not earn high marks. This paper should focus on the DNA technologies specifically. 
 
2) In a separate section, state your opinion of the criminal cases you selected. Specifically, do you believe that the use of DNA evidence was ethical in these cases, do you believe the cases would have had the same outcome if not for the use of DNA (i.e. guilt or innocence of the offender), were the articles you selected written in a neutral, unbiased fashion, was the author pro- or anti- DNA, etc.
 
3) Finally, please discuss how the information learned in this class has given you more insight into the cases you opted to write about. Please note all three sections must be included for this library assignment.
 
Your library assignment should be a minimum of 1,000 words in length

Answer the following questions

Each response, minimum of 80 words. 

  1. What are the constitutional safeguards that are associated with criminal juvenile proceedings? How do these safeguards differ/relate to the safeguards and foundations which were established for adult criminal law procedures? What would happen if adult and juvenile procedures were the same? Explain.
  2. What is liability? How does liability impact criminal law? How can we improve the relationship between criminal law and liability within the criminal justice system?
  3. What do you think about diversion programs that try to avert juvenile offenders from going to court? Do you think these attempts to divert juveniles from the criminal justice system are purposeful or do you think that they will not have an impact on further deviant acts committed by the offenders?
  4. Incidents like the one at Columbine High School changed the way that police train and respond to active shooter incidents. Security concerns have results into some schools having students walk through metal detectors. People are often “wanded” with a handheld metal detector when entering school sporting events. How can it be improved?
  5. While the adult courts place a high priority on punishment of those convicted of committing crimes, the juvenile courts have a different goal. In juvenile courts, there is a great deal of priority placed on the rehabilitation of juvenile offenders. To accomplish this, the juvenile system uses various programs and tactics; what are these programs and tactics?
  6. I think that society has had a tremendous impact on the way that juveniles view authority. They are bombarded with messages from movies, television, music videos, music lyrics, video games, etc that tell them that it is cool to defy authority and engage in unruly and even criminal behavior. Reality TV shows like MTV’s Real World and The Jersey Shore to name a couple are so popular and yet so bad. Young people love it and want to emulate the behavior. It doesn’t help any when these idiots get far more than their 15 minutes of fame and end up cashing in to boot. Some of the cast of the Jersey Shore have made millions. What can be done to change young generations mentality?
  7. Do you think that the courts have allowed too many other reasons to allow defendants to go unpunished for their crimes? Do you think that this is an issue that negatively affects our criminal justice system? Why or why not?

W3L

I need you to read transcript for the video below. Write 150 words on what the video was about? What were the type of searches? What did you learn new about the video? What did find interesting about video? Explain

 

Citation for video

 

It’s the law [Video file]. (2001). Retrieved April 15, 2017, from http://fod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=18566&xtid=11901

 

In the criminal justice system the laws are framedfirst and foremost by the US Constitution,because it’s this living document that givesgovernment its powers, as well as limits thosepowers, and guarantees our personal rights to life,liberty, and property. Our laws protect theserights, whether the laws are enacted at thefederal, state, or local level. So while the purposeof this system is to bring criminals to justice, itmust also meet the standard of due processprovided by the Constitution. And so the criminaljustice system has two separate, but equallyimportant, functions, to protect the public safety,and maintain the public confidence. This is how itworks.

To understand the criminal justice system thefirst, and most obvious, question we ask is, whatexactly is a Crime? Well, in America a crime isanything that Congress, a state, or a legislativebody has said is a crime. A violation of public law,punishable by imprisonment, a fine, or both. Likedriving a car after drinking a few beers, taking abike that belongs to someone else, or usingcertain drugs. These are all violations of what weknow as American law. Some crimes have beenconsidered crimes for hundreds of years. Othersaren’t even thought of as crimes anymore. Andthen there are things people do that were onceacceptable, but are now illegal. So while our lawsmay be stable, they may also reflect how oursociety grows and changes.

And because society is fluid, and moves, andchanges, we constantly look at laws to determinewhether or not they’re meeting societal needs. Agood example is laws with regards to computertechnology issues. The framers of the Constitutionhad no concept that there would be computers.

Our laws are both stable and flexible, becausethey need to adapt with the times. But theyshould also remain stable, so that there isconsistency, and an evenness to the meting out ofjustice.

Our society has gone through a rapid change inrecent years due to modern technology. And sowe say that law is a reaction to the whim, but notto the will of the people. So as people change thelaw will react to those changes in customs andhabits in a society.

Crimes are usually divided into two types,Misdemeanor and Felony. A misdemeanor is acrime that is punishable by a sentence of lessthan a year. Reckless driving and shoplifting areboth examples of misdemeanors. A felony carriesa sentence of more than a year. Murder androbbery are examples of felonies. Bothmisdemeanors and felonies are also defined bydegrees, 1st, 2nd, or 3rd depending on howserious the crime is. Obviously 1st degree felonies,or the highest level of felony, is murder, which is acapital offense. You have armed robberies andsexual batteries which are 1st degree felonies.2nd degree felonies are, perhaps, sale of certainkinds of drugs, like cocaine, and heroin, that typeof thing. And 3rd degree felonies are, for instance,like auto burglary or grand theft if it’s under acertain amount.

From state to state, throughout the nation, whatmay be considered a misdemeanor in one statemay be a felony in another state and vice versa.What’s a felony in one state may be amisdemeanor in another state.

There is some general consistency between thelevels of crimes, whether they’re misdemeanorsor felonies, from state to state. But there are somedifferences. Not necessarily will a 1st degreemisdemeanor in Florida be a 1st degreemisdemeanor in California. Obviously the biggies,like murder, and rape, and robbery are generallythe same level of offense. But when you get downto 3rd degree felonies, and 1st degreemisdemeanors, there is some difference fromstate to state.

All crimes are defined by either federal, or state,or local statute, according to both Action andIntent. These are known as the Elements of thecrime

In Driving Under the Influence, DUIs, there are acouple of elements. That the individual’s driving,number one, the state would have to prove that.And that the individual was driving with a breathalcohol level of over a certain limit, depending onwhat state you come in. They are the differentstages, or elements, that make up the crime as awhole. And each one has to be proven by thestate, beyond a reasonable doubt, before thatindividual can be convicted.

In legal terms, we would say law would have anActus Reus, that’s a physical element. Forexample if you pull the trigger of a gun, that is anact, that’s the physical act of that particularcrime. Along with the actus reus, or the physicalelement of crime, is the mental element, whichwe call the Mens Rea. And this sometimes can bea complex term, because it encompasses a lot ofdifferent things, but basically it’s the criminalintent, and there are different degrees of criminalintent.

For example, in homicide cases some will say, yes,this person is dead. Yes, my client did it, but hehad no intent, because it was self-defense. Theother guy had a gun, or a knife, and my guy had agun. So the real issues generally come down tothat Latin, mens rea, that mental state, onwhether or not, in most cases, the personintended to commit a crime.

So we only have a crime when the elementsmerge together, that is, you have the mentalintent and the physical intent merging together inconcurrence, causing a result that is criminal innature.

It’s actually not as complicated as it sounds,because for the most part the elements of crimesare spelled out pretty clearly. So either you did oryou didn’t do it.

Crimes may be Against a Person, or Against aProperty. Crimes against a Person includeKidnapping and Assault. The most serious CrimeAgainst a Person is Murder. The US Criminal Codeseparates the crime of murder into two differentcategories, 1st degree and 2nd degree.

The difference between 1st degree murder and2nd degree murder is primarily that 1st degreemurder is committed with Premeditation. That is,a time to stop, and reflect, and think about whatyou’re doing. And 2nd degree murder does notrequire the state to prove a premeditated intentto kill.

Premeditation means that a person actsconsciously and deliberately before committingthe murder. They have enough time to reflectupon it, so that we can say, although it’s not afixed point of time, it can be matter a fewseconds, that they have deliberately takenanother life after conscious reflection.

Murder without malice or anger is Manslaughter.And it can be either Voluntary or Involuntary.

Manslaughter cases generally deal with an actwhich shows a willful, wanton disregard for thesafety of others around you.

For instance, shooting a gun up in the air, wherethere is a crowd gathered, is a negligent act. And ifyou cause a death by doing that, that would be amanslaughter.

There are different types of manslaughter. Forexample, we might have reckless driving thatresults in manslaughter. We may have drunkdriving, that’s a form of manslaughter. Somanslaughter encompasses many differentcategories.

Now Battery, Assault and Aggravated Assault maysound alike, but each are really a different kind ofcrime against a person.

A Battery is a crime which involves a touching orstriking of another individual, against their will.That is different from an Assault which doesn’trequire a touching or striking. An Assault is athreat to another individual, by either a word oran act, which causes fear in that person, but doesnot require that that person be touched or struck.Aggravated Assault, or aggravated battery, is anassault or battery with an additional, enhancingfactor. Either that a deadly weapon, or a weaponbe used like a gun or knife, or that it becommitted on a person that’s been deemed to bea more vulnerable victim. For instance, anindividual over 65 years of age.

Property Crimes commonly include offenses likeArson, Vandalism and Burglary.

Auto theft, breaking and entering into a home,stealing somebody’s bicycle, or snatchingsomebody’s purse. Those are crimes againstproperty, which are still crimes, and are stillserious, but they do not get the severity level thatcrimes against a person gets.

Burglary, for example, is someone enters astructure, a dwelling, or a conveyance, which is avehicle of any type, stealthily. And once they enterthat structure they intend to commit a crime bytaking items that don’t belong to them to use fortheir own benefit. A robbery, on the other hand, iswhen you take property from an individual, by useof force. And that’s the big difference there.

Another difference is that Burglary is a PropertyCrime while Robbery is a Crime Against a Person.And so from Property Crimes to Crimes Against aPerson, from the Elements of a Crime, to thethousands of Statutes which Define them, thecriminal justice system is set in motion by onesimple act, a crime, a violation of the law.

Once a crime has been committed it’s up to thepolice to Investigate it. And from the momentthey become involved with the Investigation, andbeyond, police officers must follow strictprocedures and guidelines, so that the rights ofvictims and suspects are equally observed.

There’s a procedure and process that you have tofollow. Failure to do that could result in a casebeing thrown out of court, a defendant being setfree. It could be a situation where you could becivilly sued, and nothing’s been gained. Thatindividual is still out and about, committing thecrimes or the acts that we originally addressedthem about. And you’re in trouble, your career,your department’s reputation, and theircredibility. So you’ve got to weigh all of thosethings. And first and foremost you’ve got toensure that everyone’s Constitutional rights areadhered to, regardless of the circumstances.

A police investigation usually includes a gatheringof physical evidence, such as illegal drugs orfirearms, as well as statements from victims andwitnesses.

What time did you leave for work this morning?

Uh, 15 minutes to 9:00.

OK. And what time did you come back home?

Uh, I come at–

When you investigate a crime, you want to talk toanyone that has information related to that crime.That may be the person that telephoned theinformation in. It may be witnesses that youlocate while you’re at the scene of that crime.That’s the investigative side of it. You want to getas much information pertaining to that crime, soyou can conduct a thorough investigation. It maybe collecting physical evidence that’s left at thescene of the crime, maybe a weapon, that wasused. Blood, anything of that nature. It could beclothing that was left behind. So you want yougather all of that, that’s part of your investigationinto the crime.

Police officers may also ask questions of peoplethey consider suspects, and often long beforethey’re ever under arrest.

They may question an individual at the scene ofthat crime. They could go to that individual’shouse and question them. They could go to theirjob to question them. And they can question themdowntown in an interview room.

You’re not under arrest, we just want to take youdowntown, all right?

Do real life police officers act like the ones ontelevision? Do they intimidate a suspect until hebreaks down and confesses? What actuallyhappens during police questioning?

Mr. Smith, the reason we brought you down here–first of all you’re not under arrest. And the reasonwe brought you down here is we feel that youmight have some information regarding aburglary that occurred on the south side.

You’ll see on television programs where a personwill be in an interview room with a detective, ordetectives, and that individual’s being physicallyabused. No, that’s not an accurate depiction as towhat takes place. In no way, shape, fashion, orform are we allowed to abuse that individual inany way, regardless of the crime or thecircumstances.

They are not allowed to use any types of threats,or coercion, or, of course, brutality during anytypes of interviews. They are not allowed to makeany promises of favorable benefit, or favorablereward, or better treatment from theprosecution’s office, in order to elicit or get someinformation from these suspects. And if it’s beendeemed that they have done any of those things,then any of the statements or admissions madeby the suspect would be suppressed, would notbe allowed to be used in court.

While physical abuse and psychological pressureare strictly prohibited, the police do have someleeway when conducting an interrogation. Forexample, they can lie to a suspect.

What would you say if I told you that Fred pawnedthe stereo equipment belonging to the neighbor?

They don’t have to tell the individual that they’rea suspect. They can even, the courts upheld, usedeception, and tell them, for instance, we havethis information, we’ve been told, x, y, and z. Howdo you respond to that? They can use deceptionin interviewing potential suspects.

Now if the suspect is a juvenile, a person underthe legal age of majority, either 16 or 18, thepolice should make a reasonable effort to havethe child’s parents present for questioning.Although the law does not require it.

If for instance, a police officer interviews a child,and never makes contact with that parent. Andthe child says, I said I want to have my parentspresent, that could have serious consequences.For instance, if a child confesses to committing acrime, and the child was held, say, for four hoursby the police, and no one made an effort to makecontact with those parents. That confession couldbe suppressed by the court, so that could beevidence that’s lost, because efforts weren’t madeto make contact with the family.

So the Police may ask Questions to gainInformation, Leads on other suspects, or even aConfession. But you don’t have to answer a policeofficer’s questions. Everyone, no matter who theyare, or what they’ve done, has a right to silence.And it’s Guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment tothe Constitution.

You do not have to talk to the police. Outside ofgiving the police basic information about yourname and address, you have absolute rightsunder the United States Constitution to refuse totalk to the police. Under the Fifth Amendment,you have an absolute right to remain silent, andyou do not have to discuss your case, or anycircumstances surrounding it, with the police. Andthat’s called the privilege against self-incrimination.

So when should you talk, and when should youstay quiet? If you’re the focus of a criminalinvestigation, most lawyers say you should nevertalk to police without an attorney present, even ifyou’re innocent. Now, if the police have areasonable suspicion that you’re involved in thecrime, whether you match a suspect’s description,or your behavior appears suspicious–

The guy sitting on steps around the corner fromyou, wearing a black t-shirt and black pants justmade a sale to the black BMW.

–and if it looks like you’re carrying a concealedweapon, they can pat you down for their ownprotection, and yours.

You got anything on you? Dope, gun, bombs, anyof that stuff? OK, is it OK to pat you down?

This rule is known as Stop and Frisk. Andsometimes, what begins as a simple pat down,can lead to an arrest.

Just because an individual’s walking down thestreet, they may look weird, they may be dressedweird, that doesn’t give a police officer a right tostop that individual. They have to suspect, andthey have to have information that would leadthem to believe that, that individual may havecommitted a crime, or may be in the process ofcommitting a crime. You can’t stop an individualjust because they look a certain way.

I would think there are more occasions for that tohappen with juveniles, than with adults. Simplybecause juveniles, for instance, if they’re not inschool, they’re supposed to be in school duringschool hours. If a police officer sees a child andsuspects that the child is truant, then the policeoffice can make contact with the child to find outwhether he or she is in school. And, for instance,the child smells of marijuana. Once the policemakes contact the smell of marijuana gives thepolice officer justification to search the child.

Now what if the police want to search inside yourhouse for evidence? Well, they need a SearchWarrant for that, thanks to the FourthAmendment to the Constitution, which prohibitsagainst unreasonable searches and seizures. Thatmeans the police need a warrant to search yourhouse, or even your car, or business.

The reason you would want to get a searchwarrant is to obtain evidence of a crime. Evidencethat may be concealed in a vehicle, it may beconcealed in a residence, or in some other type ofstructure. And through your investigation you’vegathered information that would lead you tobelieve that the evidence you’re looking for is inthat specific location.

Different jurisdictions handle search warrantsdifferently. Throughout the country someprosecutors’ offices get involved in assisting thepolice in obtaining search warrants. In others thepolice go straight to the judges, and get thejudge’s signatures in obtaining the searchwarrants. But basically when a prosecutor assistsa police officer we make sure that the policeofficers have probable cause to believe thatevidence is located wherever it is that they wantto search, whether it’s a house, or car, or abusiness. We then present the search warrant tothe judge. The police officer has to swear to itsaccuracy, and swear to the facts contained in thesearch warrant, and takes an oath in front of thejudge. And together they sign the search warrant.At which point the police officers then go, andserve the search warrant on the defendant, in hishome, and his business and his car.

But even armed with a search warrant, the policecan’t just break down your door. The Knock andAnnounce rule requires that officers make theirpresence known, and state the purpose of theirarrival. And the only exception to this rule iswhat’s called Exigent Circumstances.Circumstances that demand immediate action,like a drug raid. And, because they’re mobile, timemay also be a factor with car searches. So if you’restopped for a traffic violation, the police mayconduct a search of your car without a warrant.But only if they have probable cause, which is agood faith belief they’ll find something concealedsomewhere, like drugs or firearms.

Ah, there it is.

And only if they’re able to articulate that probablecause in their police report. But what about yourtrash? Well, according to the United StatesSupreme Court, your garbage is fair game,because it’s considered abandoned property, notprivate property. You see the job of the police is tofind out who committed the crime they’reinvestigating, so they’ll do whatever they have to,even if it means looking through someone’sgarbage. But at the same time the police mustalways follow the rules of law and procedure.

Both the police and the prosecution’s office wantthose rules to be adhered to, so that the evidencecan be used in court. Because that’s the only goodit’s going to do us, if we can use it in court andprove that a crime has been committed.

After the police have conducted theirinvestigation, and drawn some conclusions, theperson most likely to have committed the crime isusually taken into custody and arrested.

Probable cause, that’s what a police officer needsto Arrest someone. And probable cause is whenthe police have a reasonable belief that theperson they want to arrest committed a crime.

It would severely damage my career to falselyaccuse and arrest someone, and take theirfreedom away, just because. I can’t do it. And theconstitution doesn’t allow me to do that. If anofficer, God forbid, decided they wanted to go outand do that, their career in law enforcement ispretty much going to be over. And, in certaincircumstances, they may end up in jailthemselves.

The only place the police can’t arrest someone isin that person’s home, unless the officers have anarrest warrant signed by a judge.

The laws regarding protecting individuals who arein their home come from the Constitution, comefrom the courts, and come from the case law aswe know it. The police are not allowed to go intosomeone’s home to make an arrest unless theyhave an arrest warrant. And typically what you’llsee is police going to a home, knocking on thedoor, announcing themselves, asking individualsto step outside, at which point they conduct anarrest.

But just as it is with a search warrant theexception here is Exigent Circumstances.

If the police, for instance, arrive at a home thatthey’re going to search, or where they’re going toarrest somebody, and there is an injured victiminside who’s perhaps dying, or the defendant hasa gun to an individual’s head, they don’t have tostand at the door, and knock, and announce theirpresence there. They can violate that rulebasically, and go inside the house to try to savethis victim or save the individuals because thecircumstances require that.

Resisting arrest simply by pulling away is amisdemeanor. But pushing, or shoving an officer,or even swatting at his hands becomes assault,and that’s a felony. One of our most well knownConstitutional protections is the right to receivethe Miranda Warning, a right which comes fromthe Fifth Amendment, and applies to both adultsand juveniles. To be given the Miranda Warning isto be told that, you have the right to remainsilent. That anything you say can be used asevidence. That you have the right to an attorney.That if you can’t afford an attorney the state willappoint one for you.

The police are required to read the MirandaWarning to an individual who is in custody. And incustody and under arrest are not always the samething.

When you have an individual in custody doesn’tmean they are under arrest, just means you havethem detained. When you arrest a person thatmeans they have been detained, they are going tojail, and they are going to be booked into the jail.

And being booked is basically having thepaperwork drafted up, that state’s all yourbiographical information, getting fingerprinted,having your mug shot taken, your photographtaken.

Fingerprints and Photographs are just one kind ofevidence the police gather during the bookingprocess. They may also ask for a blood sample, oreven strands of hair, both for DNA testing. Thisevidence is then used to match evidence left atthe crime scene. And the police may even put you,or your photo, in a lineup to see if you can beidentified.

In the lineups that are conducted by the policesuspects have the right to have an attorneypresent, an attorney to help stage the lineup, sothat is fair and that it’s not suggestive. You mayhave a lineup, for example, with five people, orpeople of color, and then one Caucasian. And thesuspect is a Caucasian, that would be suggestive.So the lineup has to be fair, and to ensure that it’sfair a lawyer should be present.

There is no procedure, once a child has beenarrested, to appear in a lineup. But part of beingarrested, the police officers often do show us withthe children, they take them back to the scene ofthe crime, and ask the victim whether or not theycan identify the child as being the person thatcommitted the act that they are accused of.

And so being formally charged with a crimebegins when the police make an arrest. At thattime a suspect may be released with a citation, oron a promise to appear in court, or the suspectmay even be sent to jail.

Everyone who’s arrested doesn’t necessarily go tojail. It will depend on that individual’s priorcriminal history. If they don’t have any priorcriminal history, typically they will be charged orcited, given a notice to appear, and they don’thave to be booked into jail. What they’ll do issimply appear in court on a given court date.

When a juvenile is arrested for a misdemeanor,the parents are called, and the parents can comepick their child up from detention center. Theparents are given a notice to appear, the samethat adults get sometimes. And they have thechild’s next court date on it. If a juvenile isarrested for a felony, or a violent misdemeanor,such as domestic battery, that juvenile can bedetained, which is held in the juvenile detentionfacility, for a period of time, while they’re awaitingthe arraignment on their official charges.

In the criminal justice system the Constitutionprovides many different safeguards, alwaysmaking sure that the accused are treated fairlyand without bias.

I think one of the strongest points of the Americanjustice system is that there are safeguards in ourConstitution and the laws, to protect, not only ourindividual rights, but also the rights of thecommunity as a whole, to make sure we are allsafe, in our homes, in our businesses, and in thepursuit of our happiness.

From federal statutes to state statutes, searchwarrants to arrest warrants to Miranda rights, thesystem carefully balances the rights of theaccused with the rights of the victim, as well asthe safety of individual citizens.